The term " absolute value " has been used in this sense since at least 1806 in French and 1857 in English.

* 1857 – Eugène Sue, French novelist ( b. 1804 )

* 1857 – Cécile Chaminade, French pianist and composer ( d. 1944 )

* 1789 – Augustin-Louis Cauchy, French mathematician ( d. 1857 )

* 1810 – Alfred de Musset, French poet ( d. 1857 )

* 1800 – Achille Devéria, French painter and lithographer ( d. 1857 )

* 1857 – Émile Coué, French psychologist ( d. 1926 )

* 1857 – Alfred Binet, French psychologist ( d. 1911 )

* 1857 – Eugene Augustin Lauste, French inventor ( d. 1935 )

* 1798 – Auguste Comte, French philosopher ( d. 1857 )

* 1857 – Louis Faidherbe, French governor of Senegal, arrives to relieve French forces at Kayes, effectively ending El Hajj Umar Tall's war against the French.

The second French school was Symbolism, which literary historians see beginning with the poet Charles Baudelaire ( 1861 – 67 ) ( Les fleurs du mal, 1857 ), and including the later poets, Arthur Rimbaud ( 1854 – 91 ), Paul Verlaine ( 1844 – 96 ), Stéphane Mallarmé ( 1842 – 98 ), and Paul Valéry ( 1871 – 1945 ).

* 1904 – Georges Gilles de la Tourette, French neurologist ( b. 1857 )

* 1857 – Paul Doumer, French President ( d. 1932 )

* 1857 – Joseph Babiński, French neurologist ( d. 1932 )

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

* 1857 – Georges Gilles de la Tourette, French neurologist ( d. 1904 )

Direct tracings of the vibrations of sound-producing objects such as tuning forks had been made by English physician Thomas Young in 1807, but the first known device for recording airborne speech, music and other sounds is the phonautograph, patented in 1857 by French typesetter and inventor Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville.

French microbiologist Louis Pasteur explained the role of yeast in beer fermentation in 1857, allowing brewers to develop strains of yeast with desirable properties ( conversion efficiency, ability to handle higher alcohol content ).

* DeCormenin, Louis Marie ; Gihon, James L., A Complete History of the Popes of Rome, from Saint Peter, the First Bishop to Pius the Ninth ( 1857 )

* DeCormenin, Louis Marie ; Gihon, James L., A Complete History of the Popes of Rome, from Saint Peter, the First Bishop to Pius the Ninth ( 1857 )

* DeCormenin, Louis Marie ; Gihon, James L., A Complete History of the Popes of Rome, from Saint Peter, the First Bishop to Pius the Ninth ( 1857 )

* DeCormenin, Louis Marie ; Gihon, James L., A Complete History of the Popes of Rome, from Saint Peter, the First Bishop to Pius the Ninth ( 1857 )

* August 21 – Augustin Louis Cauchy, French mathematician ( d. 1857 )

* DeCormenin, Louis Marie ; Gihon, James L., A Complete History of the Popes of Rome, from Saint Peter, the First Bishop to Pius the Ninth ( 1857 )

After the completion of The Source, Ingres produced paintings of historical genre, such as two versions of Louis XIV and Molière, ( 1857 and 1860 ), as well as several religious works in which the figure of the Virgin from The Vow of Louis XIII is reprised: The Virgin of the Adoption of 1858 ( painted for Mademoiselle Roland-Gosselin ) was followed by The Virgin Crowned ( painted for Madame la Baronne de Larinthie ) and The Virgin with Child.

In the 19th century, calculus was put on a much more rigorous footing by mathematicians such as Augustin Louis Cauchy ( 1789 – 1857 ), Bernhard Riemann ( 1826 – 1866 ), and Karl Weierstrass ( 1815 – 1897 ).

Edouard Louis Dubufe, Portrait of Rosa Bonheur 1857, which shows the artist with a bull, symbolic of her work as a painter of animals, or Animalière.

* Louis Paulsen vs Paul Morphy, New York 1857, Four Knights Game: Spanish.

On May 23, 1857 St. Louis County took its current shape when Carlton County was formed from parts of St. Louis and Pine Counties.

By this time, the Blow family had relocated to Missouri and become opponents of slavery, granting the Scotts emancipation by Henry Taylor Blow on May 26, 1857, less than three months after the Supreme Court ruling. Scott went to work as a porter in St. Louis for nearly 17 months before he died from tuberculosis in September 1858.

In 1857, the east-west Ohio and Mississippi Railway ( later part of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ) was completed, as part of a link between Cincinnati and St. Louis.

Alfred Louis Charles de Musset-Pathay ( ; 11 December 1810 – 2 May 1857 ) was a French dramatist, poet, and novelist.

The publication in 1857 of a journal kept in Paris during the stormy times of 1848 ( A Year of Revolution ), brought him into violent controversy with Louis Blanc, and he came into conflict with Lord Palmerston and William Ewart Gladstone, after his retirement from the public service, on questions of French and Italian policy.

File: Louis Guymard. jpg | Louis Guéymard ( 1822 – 1880 ) as Robert le Diable, 1857, Metropolitan Museum of Art

Louis-Eugène Cavaignac (; 15 October 1802 – 28 October 1857 ), French general, second son of Jean-Baptiste Cavaignac and brother of Éléonore Louis Godefroi Cavaignac, was born at Paris.

In 1857, he rowed down the Ohio River from Pittsburgh to St. Louis ; and in 1858 down the Illinois River, then up the Mississippi and the Des Moines River to central Iowa.

Émile Cohl ( January 4, 1857, Paris – January 20, 1938 ), born Émile Eugène Jean Louis Courtet, was a French caricaturist of the largely forgotten Incoherent Movement, cartoonist, and animator, called " The Father of the Animated Cartoon " and " The Oldest Parisian ".

French chemist Louis Pasteur was the first zymologist, when in 1857 he connected yeast to fermentation.

Although unpopular at first they proved very successful in cutting crime in London, and by 1857 all cities in the UK were obliged to form their own police forces.

Between 1854 and 1857, Sir Joseph Whitworth conducted a long series of rifle experiments, and proved, among other points, the advantages of a smaller bore and, in particular, of an elongated bullet.

Frederick Lucas proved an ineffective leader, while his successor, George Henry Moore, its new leader, having got elected in his Mayo constituency through clerical help, was defeated by clerical opposition at the 1857 general election.

Wharton proved himself by negotiating a new charter for the works, and in the difficult financial environment of 1857 – 1858 he took over control of the zinc works and managing it carefully turned a profit.

His principal legislative achievements were the passing of the Divorce Act 1857, and of the Land Registry Act 1862 ( generally known as Lord Westbury's Act ), the latter of which in practice proved a failure.

The Imperial Gazetteer of India states that throughout the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Gurjars and Ranghars ( Muslim rajpoots ) proved the " most irreconcilable enemies " of the British in the Bulandshahr area.

His government lost power in 1856 when it tried to implement prohibition which proved unpopular with voters but he returned to power in 1857.

In 1857 U. S. arms expert Azel Storrs Lyman ( 1815 – 1885 ) was granted a patent on " Improvement in accelerating fire-arms " and built in 1860 a prototype which proved to be unsuccessful.

Washoe resistance to incursions on their lands proved futile, and the last armed conflict with the Washoes and non-Indians was the " Potato War " of 1857, when starving Washoes were killed for gathering potatoes from a European-American farm near Honey Lake in California.

Frederick Lucas proved an ineffective leader, while his successor, George Henry Moore, its new leader, having got elected in his Mayo constituency through clerical help, was defeated by clerical opposition at the 1857 general election.

Their legendary ability to go without water proved valuable on an 1857 survey mission led by Lt. Edward Fitzgerald Beale.

Having proved himself an able palaeographer, he was sent out by the British government under Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston to inspect the libraries in the monasteries of the Levant in 1857.