Peasant parties first appeared across Eastern Europe between 1860 and 1910, when commercialized agriculture and world market forces disrupted traditional rural society, and the railway and growing literacy facilitated the work of roving organizers.

Alcott voted in a presidential election for the first time in 1860.

In his journal for November 6, 1860, he wrote: " At Town House, and cast my vote for Lincoln and the Republican candidates generally — the first vote I ever cast for a President and State officers.

* 1860 – The first Pony Express rider reaches Sacramento, California.

* 1860 – The first successful United States Pony Express run from Saint Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California begins.

The first instrumental analysis was flame emissive spectrometry developed by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff who discovered rubidium ( Rb ) and caesium ( Cs ) in 1860.

Following his conquest of most of Western Europe, the first Napoleon made his elder brother Joseph ( 1768 – 1844 ) king first of Naples ( 1806 – 1808 ) and then of Spain ( 1808 – 1813 ), his third brother Louis ( 1778 – 1846 ) king of Holland ( 1806 – 1810 ) ( subsequently forcing his abdication after his failure to subordinate Dutch interests to those of France ) and his youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte ( 1784 – 1860 ) king of Westphalia, the short-lived realm created from some of the states of northwestern Germany ( 1807 – 1813 ).

* Willem Einthoven ( 1860 – 1927 ), a physiologist who built the first practical ECG and won the 1924 Nobel prize in medicine

Daniel Barringer ( 1860 – 1929 ) was one of the first to identify an impact crater, Meteor Crater in Arizona ; to crater specialists the site is referred to as Barringer Crater in his honor.

* 1860 – The first ever inter-club football match takes place between Hallam F. C.

* 1860 – South Carolina becomes the first state to attempt to secede from the United States.

* 1860 – The first British seagoing iron-clad warship, HMS Warrior is launched.

The most significant figure of the era, however, was General José María Urbina, who first came to power in 1851 through a coup d ' état, remained in the presidency until 1856, and then continued to dominate the political scene until 1860.

The first few chapters of the novel, dealing with the discovery of Erewhon, are in fact based on Butler's own experiences in New Zealand where, as a young man, he worked as a sheep farmer on Mesopotamia Station for about four years ( 1860 – 1864 ) and explored parts of the interior of the South Island of which he wrote about in his A First Year in Canterbury Settlement ( 1863 ).

After an initial unsuccessful visit to leading doctors in Harley Street, Elizabeth decided to first spend six months as a hospital nurse at Middlesex Hospital, London in 1860.

The first chips fried in the UK were on the site of Oldham's Tommyfield Market in 1860.

* 1908 – John Hope, 1st Marquess of Linlithgow, first Governor-General of Australia ( b. 1860 )

( The adjective genetic, derived from the Greek word genesis — γένεσις, " origin ", predates the noun and was first used in a biological sense in 1860.

* Artificial Paradises by Charles Baudelaire ; first edition 1860

Friedrich August Kekulé von StradonitzThe need for an international standard for chemistry was first addressed in 1860 by a committee headed by German scientist Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz.

As the first building on campus, the Farm House was built in 1860 before campus was occupied by students or even classrooms.

After finishing the 1859 – 1860 theatre season in Richmond, Virginia, Booth embarked on his first national tour as a leading actor.

* Charles Dickens ' novel, Great Expectations ( first published in serial form in the publication All the Year Round from 1 December 1860 to August 1861 ), contains a reference in chapter 48 to a couple having been married " over the broomstick.

The new Republican Party, which was created in opposition to the act, aimed to stop the expansion of slavery and soon emerged as the dominant political party in the North, electing its first president, Abraham Lincoln, in 1860.

* Exploration-British North America: The journals, detailed reports, and observations relative to the exploration, by Captain Palliser, of that portion of British North America, which, in latitude, lies between the British boundary line and the height of land or watershed of the northern or frozen ocean respectively, and in longitude, between the western shore of Lake Superior and the Pacific Ocean during the years 1857, 1858, 1859, and 1860 ( 1863 )

i., 1860 ) is to be found the most correct and detailed account of his life's works.

About 1860 he was engaged in an inquiry on the intensity of light reflected from, or transmitted through, a pile of plates ; and in 1862 he prepared for the British Association a valuable report on double refraction, a phenomenon where certain crystals show different refractive indices along different axes.

In the 1860 report Cetinja had 34 households.

For example, in 1906, nurse anesthetist Alice Magaw ( 1860 – 1928 ) published a report on the use of ether anesthesia by drop method 14, 000 times without a fatality ( Surg., Gynec.

They concluded in their report in February 1860 that the fleet, standing army and volunteer forces, even combined, did not provide sufficient defence.

* Charles-Adolphe Wurtz's report on the Karlsruhe Congress ( 1860 )

Their report was published on 7 February 1860 ; and, amongst others, proposed several options for a ring of defences around London, none of which were adopted, although elements were used in the later London Defence Scheme.

In the same report he counts thirteen features in Asia, Australia and New Zealand, and the Arctic and Antarctic regions, named between 1860 and 1874.

Historians have found no evidence whatever of any such conspiracy, but they do report that in Texas, in 1860, a statewide hysteria over nonexistent slave revolts led to the lynching of 30-100 slaves and whites in the so-called Texas Troubles.

The last substantiated report has led to an estimated extinction date of around 1860, although a specimen was reported as sold to a fur-buyer in Maine in 1880.

During the 1860 presidential campaign, a widely credited report in the Nashville Patriot said that Rhett, along with William Lowndes Yancey and William Porcher Miles, was a leader of a Southern conspiracy to end the Union that began in May 1858 with a plan, hatched at the Southern Convention in Montgomery, Alabama, in May 1858, to split the Democratic Party along Northern and Southern lines.

), his report on this latter subject ( 1860 – 1861 ) being of great value and of wide interest.

Statue of Peter the Great leaning on an anchor, in symbol of his shipbuilding activity ( Voronezh, 1860 ).

The genre was also a heavy influence on more mainstream writers, such as Charles Dickens, who read Gothic novels as a teenager and incorporated their gloomy atmosphere and melodrama into his own works, shifting them to a more modern period and an urban setting, including Oliver Twist ( 1837-8 ), Bleak House ( 1854 ) ( Mighall 2003 ) and Great Expectations ( 1860 – 61 ).

On the quayside may be seen the Pier Hotel of 1860 and Great Eastern Hotel of 1864, both reflecting the town's new importance to travellers following the arrival of the railway line from Colchester in 1854.

Quills went into decline after the invention of the metal pen, which was first patented in America in 1810 and then mass produced by 1860, although mass production began in Great Britain as early as 1822 by John Mitchell of Birmingham.

The National Rifle Association ( NRA ) of the United Kingdom was founded in 1860 to raise the funds for an annual national rifle meeting " for the encouragement of Volunteer Rifle Corps, and the promotion of Rifle-shooting throughout Great Britain ".

The Pony Express was a fast mail service crossing the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the High Sierra from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, from April 3, 1860 to October 1861.

Explorer, ethnologist, and author Richard Francis Burton traveled by coach in the summer of 1860 to document life in Great Salt Lake City, to investigate the claims of anti-Mormonists of his day, and to broaden his knowledge of the new faith.

The carronade was in service from 1780 to 1860 and is now on loan from the Royal Artillery Museum in Woolwich as a reminder of Welling's early association with the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, when huts at East Wickham were built as homes for munitions workers in the Great War.

The Platte County Railrod ( CB & Q ) reached there in 1860, and today's Chicago, Great Western in the late 1880s.

The Great Fire of 1860 destroyed most of Main Street from Mill to Water streets, followed by the Great Lakeport Fire of 1903, a blaze so fierce that fire companies were brought by train from as far away as Dover.

* Charles Dickens, Great Expectations ( 1860 ), which has many autobiographical elements but to a lesser extent

In June 1860, Lowe had made a successful test flight with his gigantic balloon, first named the City of New York and later renamed The Great Western, flying from Philadelphia to Medford, New York.

Western Union bought out smaller companies rapidly, and by 1860 its lines reached from the East Coast to the Mississippi River, and from the Great Lakes to the Ohio River.

Examples of Crisis eras include the Wars of the Roses ( 1459 – 1487 ), the Spanish Armada Crisis ( 1569 – 1594 ), the colonial Glorious Revolution ( 1675 – 1704 ), the American Revolution ( 1773 – 1794 ), the American Civil War ( 1860 – 1865 ), and the twin emergencies of the Great Depression and World War II ( 1929 – 1946 ).

After its original introduction in Italy in 1860, it spread quickly through Europe and was discovered in Sweden in 1907, in Spain in 1972, in Norway in 1971, in Great Britain in 1981, in Turkey in 1984 and in Ireland in 1987.

The Great Northern Palace Company had been established by 1860 but was initially unable to raise financing.

Thenceforward he devoted his whole time to a systematic examination of the French caves, his first publication on the subject being The Antiquity of Man in Western Europe ( 1860 ), followed in 1861 by New Researches on the Coexistence of Man and of the Great Fossil Mammifers characteristic of the Last Geological Period.

" Blaenwern " by William Penfro Rowlands ( 1860 – 1937 ); and " Moriah "; the latter two especially in Great Britain.

# 1860, Birds of Great Britain and Ireland, Part IV, by William Jardine, with a Portrait and Memoir of Alexander Wilson, D. D.

Between 1858 and 1860 the company joined with the London, Chatham and Dover Railway ( LC & DR ), the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) and the London & North Western Railway ( LNWR ) to form the Victoria Station & Pimlico Railway Company, which constructed a new bridge over the River Thames at Battersea and an important new terminus in the west end of London at Victoria.

July 19, 1862 ), the " Great Comet of 1860 ", C / 1860 III ( disc.