There is, of course, nothing new about dystopias, for they belong to a literary tradition which, including also the closely related satiric utopias, stretches from at least as far back as the eighteenth century and Swift's Gulliver's Travels to the twentieth century and Zamiatin's We, Capek's War With The Newts, Huxley's Brave New World, E. M. Forster's `` The Machine Stops '', C. S. Lewis's That Hideous Strength, and Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, and which in science fiction is represented before the present deluge as early as Wells's trilogy, The Time Machine, `` A Story Of The Days To Come '', and When The Sleeper Wakes, and as recently as Jack Williamson's `` With Folded Hands '' ( 1947 ), the classic story of men replaced by their own robots.

According to comics historian Coulton Waugh, a 1947 poll of newspaper readers who claimed they ignored the comics page altogether revealed that many confessed to making a single exception: Li ' l Abner.

The " Big Four " were joint-stock public companies and they continued to run the railway system until 31 December 1947.

These range in diameter from a few tens of meters up to about 300 km, and they range in age from recent times ( e. g. the Sikhote-Alin craters in Russia whose creation were witnessed in 1947 ) to more than two billion years, though most are less than 500 million years old because geological processes tend to obliterate older craters.

By 1947, Hayek was an organizer of the Mont Pelerin Society, a group of classical liberals who sought to oppose what they saw as socialism in various areas.

Greenberg was sold to the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1947, became the very first baseball player to earn over $ 80, 000 / year in salary ( he was paid $ 100, 000, ($ today ) plus $ 25, 000 that his contract with Detroit called for in the event they sold or traded him ).

Bogart and Bacall in Dark Passage ( film ) | Dark Passage ( 1947 ), the third of four films they made together

In February 1947, the British announced that they would end the mandate and withdraw from Palestine and they asked the arbitration of the United Nations.

From 1947, they infliltrated the southern mountains to build support for former King Zog.

Methadone was introduced into the United States in 1947 by Eli Lilly and Company as an analgesic ( they gave it the trade name Dolophine, which is now registered to Roxane Laboratories ).

In 1937, the Eagles moved to Shibe Park and played their home games at the stadium through 1947, except for the 1941 season, which was played at Municipal Stadium, where they had played from 1936 to 1939.

The history of video games goes as far back as the 1940s, when in 1947 Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr. and Estle Ray Mann filed a United States patent request for an invention they described as a " cathode ray tube amusement device.

On January 25, 1947, Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr. and Estle Ray Mann filed a United States patent request for an invention they described as a " cathode ray tube amusement device ".

Named after Italy's then dictator prime minister, Benito Mussolini, they were abandoned upon his ousting in 1943, and eventually returned as the Grand International Prize of Venice in 1947 ( see Golden Lion ).

Though the monarch retains all executive, legislative, and judicial power in and over Canada, the governor general is permitted to exercise most of this, including the Royal Prerogative, in the sovereign's name ; some as outlined in the Constitution Act, 1867, and some through various letters patent issued over the decades, particularly those from 1947 that constitute the Office of Governor General of Canada ; they state: " And We do hereby authorize and empower Our Governor General, with the advice of Our Privy Council for Canada or of any members thereof or individually, as the case requires, to exercise all powers and authorities lawfully belonging to Us in respect of Canada.

In 1947, researchers John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, and William Shockley were trying to make a JFET when they discovered the point-contact transistor.

Between 1947 and 1954, they appeared regularly in the Cirque Medrano in Paris as a double act.

Nevertheless, in February 1946 Rodriguez left New Mexico to join Williams in his New Orleans apartment and they lived and traveled together until late 1947 when Williams ended the affair.

When the American Medical Association was founded they in 1947 produced a work called the first edition of the American Medical Association Code of Medical Ethics.

In 1938, Remarque and his ex-wife Zambone remarried each other in Switzerland as a protection to prevent her being forced to return to Germany and then they immigrated to the United States in 1939 where they both became naturalized citizens in 1947.

The regulations set down by Lord Stanley call for two Trustees, who had the sole, joint right to govern the Cup and the conditions of its awarding until 1947, when they ceded control to the NHL.

* The success of the Intifada gave Arafat and his followers the confidence they needed to moderate their political programme: At the meeting of the Palestine National Council in Algiers in mid-November 1988, Arafat won a majority for the historic decision to recognise Israel's legitimacy ; to accept all the relevant UN resolutions going back to 29 November 1947 ; and to adopt the principle of a two-state solution.

Between 1944 and 1947 Helion had a series of one-man shows -- at the Paul Rosenberg Gallery in New York and in Paris -- of his new realistic pictures.

The Fisher Body division, long controlled by the Fisher brothers under a voting trust even though General Motors owned a majority of its stock, followed an independent course for many years, but by 1947 and 1948 `` resistance had collapsed '' and its purchases from Du Pont `` compared favorably '' with purchases by other General Motors divisions.

Failing to heed the lesson so clearly contained in the satellite treaties, President Truman re-declared the Cold War on March 12, 1947, in the Truman Doctrine, exactly one week after the Herald Tribune editorial was written, and a year after the Cold War had been announced by Churchill at Fulton, Missouri, in Truman's presence.

It has been said that twelve cases related in The Labours of Hercules ( 1947 ) must refer to a different retirement, but the fact that Poirot specifically says that he intends to grow marrows indicates that these stories also take place before Roger Ackroyd, and presumably Poirot closed his agency once he had completed them.

In 1947, Poland founded a museum on the site of Auschwitz I and II, which by 2010 had seen 29 million visitors — 1, 300, 000 annually — pass through the iron gates crowned with the infamous motto, Arbeit macht frei (" work makes free ").

He attributed its origin to John W. Tukey, who had written a Bell Labs memo on 9 January 1947 in which he contracted " binary digit " to simply " bit ".

In 1947, Jackie Robinson signed a contract with the Brooklyn Dodgers, breaking the color barrier that had prevented talented African American players from entering the white-only major leagues.

In doing so the bulk of Liberals remained supporting the government, but two distinct Liberal groups had emerged within this bulk – the Liberal Nationals ( officially the " National Liberals " after 1947 ) led by Simon, also known as " Simonites ", and the " Samuelites " or " official Liberals ", led by Samuel who remained as the official party.

Bartók's music reflects two trends that dramatically changed the sound of music in the 20th century: the breakdown of the diatonic system of harmony that had served composers for the previous two hundred years ( Griffiths 1978, 7 ); and the revival of nationalism as a source for musical inspiration, a trend that began with Mikhail Glinka and Antonín Dvořák in the last half of the 19th century ( Einstein 1947, 332 ).

As a result of a study conducted in 1947, the policy was implemented that authorized the retroactive award of the Bronze Star Medal ( w / o " V ") to soldiers who had received the Combat Infantryman Badge or the Combat Medical Badge during World War II.

In 1947 almost one in five films had been comic in nature, but by 1954 this was down to ten percent.

The Electricity Act 1947 introduced better retirement benefits for workers in that industry, and a Workers ’ Compensation ( Supplementation ) Act was passed in 1948 that introduced benefits for workers with certain asbestos-related diseases which had occurred before 1948.

When this was introduced in July 1947, it led to a currency crisis and convertibility had to be suspended after just five weeks.

They had a daughter in 1942 and another in 1947.

Dutch physicists Hendrik B. G. Casimir and Dirk Polder at Philips Research Labs proposed the existence of a force between two polarizable atoms and between such an atom and a conducting plate in 1947, and, after a conversation with Niels Bohr who suggested it had something to do with zero-point energy, Casimir alone formulated the theory predicting a force between neutral conducting plates in 1948 ; the former is called the Casimir-Polder force while the latter is the Casimir effect in the narrow sense.

Inflation continued unabated, as did its negative impact on the national standard of living, and by 1947 foreign exchange reserves had fallen to dangerously low levels.

Since Mountbatten had no sons, when he was created Viscount Mountbatten of Burma of Romsey in the County of Southampton on 27 August 1946 and then Earl Mountbatten of Burma and Baron Romsey in the County of Southampton on 28 October 1947, the Letters Patent were drafted such that in the event he left no sons or issue in the male line, the titles could pass to his daughters, in order of seniority of birth, and to their heirs male respectively.

Until 1947, the East Wing of Pakistan, separated from the West Wing by 1, 600 km of Indian territory, had been heavily dependent on Hindu management.

Orson Welles had notorious problems with financing, but his three film noirs were well budgeted: The Lady from Shanghai ( 1947 ) received top-level, " prestige " backing, while both The Stranger, his most conventional film, and Touch of Evil, an unmistakably personal work, were funded at levels lower but still commensurate with headlining releases.

Before he was forced abroad for political reasons, director Jules Dassin made two classic noirs that also straddled the major / independent line: Brute Force ( 1947 ) and the influential documentary-style The Naked City were developed by producer Mark Hellinger, who had an " inside / outside " contract with Universal similar to Wanger's.

A number of Grand Prix racing organisations had laid out rules for a World Championship before the war, but due to the suspension of racing during the conflict, the World Drivers ' Championship was not formalised until 1947.

Prior to 1947, the only definition of first-class cricket had been one in Great Britain that dated from a meeting at Lord's in May 1894 between the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) committee and the secretaries of the clubs involved in the official County Championship, which had begun in 1890.

Orwell's health had continued to decline since the diagnosis of tuberculosis in December 1947.

Although air transport in Guyana had its beginnings in the 1920s when the first " bush " services were introduced, Government's earnest participation can be dated from 1947 when a Director of Civil Aviation was appointed to regulate the industry.