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In cryptography, the Iraqi block cipher was a block cipher published in C source code form by anonymous FTP upload around July 1999, and widely distributed on Usenet.
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cryptography and block
In cryptography, a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm operating on fixed-length groups of bits, called blocks, with an unvarying transformation that is specified by a symmetric key.
The introduction of DES is considered to have been a catalyst for the academic study of cryptography, particularly of methods to crack block ciphers.
In cryptography, the International Data Encryption Algorithm ( IDEA ) is a block cipher designed by James Massey of ETH Zurich and Xuejia Lai and was first described in 1991.
* MARS ( cryptography ), a block cipher that was IBM's submission to the Advanced Encryption Standard process.
In cryptography, a random function can be a useful building block in enabling cryptographic protocols.
In cryptography, Triple DES is the common name for the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm ( TDEA or Triple DEA ) block cipher, which applies the Data Encryption Standard ( DES ) cipher algorithm three times to each data block.
In cryptography, he designed with Eli Biham the BEAR, LION and Tiger cryptographic primitives, and coauthored with Biham and Lars Knudsen the block cipher Serpent, one of the finalists in the AES competition.
* Cipher block chaining, in cryptography: a block cipher mode that provides confidentiality but not message integrity
In cryptography, RC5 is a block cipher notable for its simplicity.
A block cipher is one of the most basic primitives in cryptography, and frequently used for data encryption.
In cryptography, modes of operation is the procedure of enabling the repeated and secure use of a block cipher under a single key.
In cryptography, RC6 is a symmetric key block cipher derived from RC5.
The ASF container can optionally support digital rights management using a combination of elliptic curve cryptography key exchange, DES block cipher, a custom block cipher, RC4 stream cipher and the SHA-1 hashing function.
In cryptography, CAST-128 ( alternatively CAST5 ) is a block cipher used in a number of products, notably as the default cipher in some versions of GPG and PGP.
* CRYPTON, a block cipher in cryptography
An analysis of an older scheme used in WMA reveals that it is using a combination of elliptic curve cryptography key exchange, DES block cipher, a custom block cipher, RC4 stream cipher and the SHA-1 hashing function.
In modern cryptography, symmetric key ciphers are generally divided into stream ciphers and block ciphers.
In cryptography, 3-Way is a block cipher designed in 1994 by Joan Daemen.
* Block size ( cryptography ), the minimal unit of data for block ciphers.
In cryptography, a Feistel cipher is a symmetric structure used in the construction of block ciphers, named after the German-born physicist and cryptographer Horst Feistel who did pioneering research while working for IBM ( USA ); it is also commonly known as a Feistel network.
In cryptography, Lucifer was the name given to several of the earliest civilian block ciphers, developed by Horst Feistel and his colleagues at IBM.
cryptography and cipher
In cryptography, a cipher ( or cypher ) is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption — a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure.
In non-technical usage, a " cipher " is the same thing as a " code "; however, the concepts are distinct in cryptography.
In cryptography, key size or key length is the size measured in bits of the key used in a cryptographic algorithm ( such as a cipher ).
In cryptography, encryption is the process of transforming information ( referred to as plaintext ) using an algorithm ( called a cipher ) to make it unreadable to anyone except those possessing special knowledge, usually referred to as a key.
The polyalphabetic cipher was, at least in principle, for it was not properly used for several hundred years, the most significant advance in cryptography since before Julius Caesar's time.
* Block cipher modes of operation, in cryptography
In cryptography, RC4 ( also known as ARC4 or ARCFOUR meaning Alleged RC4, see below ) is the most widely used software stream cipher and is used in popular protocols such as Secure Sockets Layer ( SSL ) ( to protect Internet traffic ) and WEP ( to secure wireless networks ).
The term cypherpunk, derived from cipher and punk, was coined by Jude Milhon as a pun to describe cyberpunks who used cryptography.
In the history of cryptography, Typex ( alternatively, Type X or TypeX ) machines were British cipher machines used from 1937.
In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encryption by which units of plaintext are replaced with ciphertext, according to a regular system ; the " units " may be single letters ( the most common ), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth.
In cryptography, a transposition cipher is a method of encryption by which the positions held by units of plaintext ( which are commonly characters or groups of characters ) are shifted according to a regular system, so that the ciphertext constitutes a permutation of the plaintext.
In other words, two successive applications of ROT13 restore the original text ( in mathematics, this is sometimes called an involution ; in cryptography, a reciprocal cipher ).
In cryptography, a Caesar cipher, also known as Caesar's cipher, the shift cipher, Caesar's code or Caesar shift, is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques.
In cryptography, a stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream ( keystream ).
As with other attacks in cryptography, stream cipher attacks can be certificational, meaning they aren't necessarily practical ways to break the cipher but indicate that the cipher might have other weaknesses.
cryptography and was
Historically, cryptography was split into a dichotomy of codes and ciphers ; and coding had its own terminology, analogous to that for ciphers: " encoding, codetext, decoding " and so on.
The method was followed shortly afterwards by RSA, an implementation of public key cryptography using asymmetric algorithms.
It was highly influential in the advancement of modern cryptography in the academic world.
There was some criticism from various parties, including from public-key cryptography pioneers Martin Hellman and Whitfield Diffie, citing a shortened key length and the mysterious " S-boxes " as evidence of improper interference from the NSA.
Poe's success in cryptography relied not so much on his knowledge of that field ( his method was limited to the simple substitution cryptogram ), as on his knowledge of the magazine and newspaper culture.
The use of elliptic curves in cryptography was suggested independently by Neal Koblitz and Victor S. Miller in 1985.
This was followed by Cryptonomicon in 1999, a novel concerned with concepts ranging from computing and Alan Turing's research into codebreaking and cryptography during the Second World War at Bletchley Park, to a modern attempt to set up a data haven.
Leo Marks describes inventing such a system for the British Special Operations Executive during World War II, though he suspected at the time that it was already known in the highly compartmentalized world of cryptography, as for instance at Bletchley Park.
The first recorded use of the term was in 1499 by Johannes Trithemius in his Steganographia, a treatise on cryptography and steganography disguised as a book on magic.
The wide availability of high quality cryptography was disturbing to the US government, which seems to have been using a security through obscurity analysis to support its opposition to such work.
Utopias original edition included the symmetrical " Utopian alphabet " that was omitted from later editions ; it is a notable, early attempt at cryptography that might have influenced the development of shorthand.
Phil Karn sued the State Department in 1994 over cryptography export controls after they ruled that, while the book Applied Cryptography could legally be exported, a floppy disk containing a verbatim copy of code printed in the book was legally a munition and required an export permit, which they refused to grant.
It is an open question, and one central to the theory and practice of cryptography, whether there is any way to distinguish the output of a high-quality PRNG from a truly random sequence without knowing the algorithm ( s ) used and the state with which it was initialized.
In the history of cryptography, 97-shiki ōbun inji-ki ( 九七式欧文印字機 ) (" System 97 Printing Machine for European Characters ") or Angōki Taipu-B ( 暗号機 タイプB ) (" Type B Cipher Machine "), codenamed Purple by the United States, was a diplomatic cryptographic machine used by the Japanese Foreign Office just before and during World War II.
In cryptography, Kerckhoffs's principle ( also called Kerckhoffs's Desiderata, Kerckhoffs's assumption, axiom, or law ) was stated by Auguste Kerckhoffs in the 19th century: A cryptosystem should be secure even if everything about the system, except the key, is public knowledge.
Defeating such a system, as was done by the Venona project, generally relies not on pure cryptography, but upon mistakes in its implementation: the key pads not being truly random, intercepted keypads, operators making mistakes-or other errors.
Using cryptography, anonymous ecash was introduced by David Chaum.
In the history of cryptography, the ECM Mark II was a cipher machine used by the United States for message encryption from World War II until the 1950s.
This was a small work on cryptography ; it may well have been influenced by Godwin's Nuncius inanimatus ( 1629 ).
As a child, Friedman was introduced to cryptography in the short story " The Gold-Bug " by Edgar Allan Poe.
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