Issuers also use credit ratings in certain structured finance transactions.

Issuers rely on credit ratings as an independent verification of their own credit-worthiness and the resultant value of the instruments they issue.

Issuers have also taken the form of occupation forces ; revolutionary regimes ; agencies representing foreign post offices ; international organisations ; postal agencies appointed by individual cities, states ( in the federal sense ), territories, provinces or colonies ; and even groups of countries with common issues under a combined postal administration.

Issuers may seek listings for their securities to attract investors, by ensuring there is a liquid and regulated market that investors can buy and sell securities in.

Issuers of payday loans defend their higher interest rates by saying processing costs for payday loans are significantly higher than other loans, including home mortgages.

CDO Issuers often enter TRS agreements as protection seller in order to leverage the returns for the structure's debt investors.

Issuers will sometimes not include a greenshoe option in a transaction when they have a specific objective for the offering and do not want the possibility of raising more money than planned.

Issuers usually retain investment banks to assist them in administering the IPO, obtaining SEC ( or other regulatory body ) approval of the offering filing, and selling the new issue.

Issuers may either pay to trustees, which in turn call randomly selected bonds in the issue, or, alternatively, purchase bonds in open market, then return them to trustees.

While the Digital Gold Issuers employ data security experts to protect their systems, the average account holder's computer is poorly protected against malware ( trojans, worms, and viruses ) that can be used to intercept information that could be used to access the user's DGC account.

Issuers have taken quite different approaches to this problem.

When Maloney proposed her Credit Card Holders Bill of Rights, she was widely criticized by Credit Card Issuers.

Issuers of the Licentiate degree include but are not limited to the Insurance Institute of India, the Institute of Company Secretaries of India, the Association of Mutual Funds of India, and the Diploma Examination Board of the government of Andhra Pradesh.

Issuers of whole loan CMOs generally structure their deals to reduce the credit risk of all certain classes of bonds (" Senior Bonds ") by utilizing various forms of credit protection in the structure of the deal.

Issuers can be central organisations, such as the Post Office in Great Britain, which are appointed and regulated by the national government.

* Rules which regulate the obligations of companies after their securities have been admitted to trading ( e. g., continuous disclosure rules ) – also covered by the Issuers and Securities Rules

In September 2006, the European Parliament issued the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animals ' excrement and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.

The disruption of the river's natural flow, run-off from agriculture, and the introduction of pest species like the European Carp has led to serious environmental damage along the river's length and to concerns that the river will be unusably salty in the medium to long term — a serious problem given that the Murray supplies 40 % of Adelaide's domestic water.

The women argued that womenhood ( thanks to motherhood ) was the repository of superior moral values and concerns and from their domestic experience they knew best how to resolve conflicts.

While the columns started out as lighthearted domestic scenes where the outside world barely intruded, the approach of World War II slowly brought darker global concerns into Mrs. Miniver's world.

Homemaking is a mainly American term for the management of a home, otherwise known as housework, housekeeping, or household management ; it is the act of overseeing the organizational, financial, day-to-day operations of a house or estate, and the managing of other domestic concerns.

Many of the domestic concerns the Department originally dealt with were gradually transferred to other Departments.

[...] The opening up of new markets, foreign or domestic, and the organizational development from the craft shop and factory to such concerns as U. S. Steel illustrate the same process of industrial mutation [...] that incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one.

Although domestic concerns arise when the dollar trades much lower than its US counterpart, there is also concern among exporters when the dollar appreciates quickly.

United States colonial expansionism had its roots in domestic concerns and economic conditions, much like other newly industrializing nations whose governments sought to accelerate internal development.

It used to be common practice to dump sewage sludge into the ocean, however, this practice has stopped in many nations due environmental concerns as well to domestic and international laws and treaties.

Wyden added, " While I continue to have concerns about ensuring that taxpayers are protected if this loan is to occur, I believe that if the President can unwisely provide $ 750 billion of taxpayer money for the investment banks who took horribly unacceptable risks and helped trigger an economic collapse, we certainly have a duty to attempt to preserve a cornerstone domestic industry and the jobs of hundreds of thousands of working people whose personal actions are in no way responsible for the current economic crisis.

By the end of the war, there were only nine domestic airlines remaining, eight smaller regional concerns and Australian National Airways ( ANA ), a conglomerate owned by British and Australian shipping interests which had a virtual monopoly on the major trunk routes and received 85 % of all government air transport subsidies.

For example, Carousel concerns domestic violence, while South Pacific addresses racist views by westerners of Pacific islanders, and racism generally.

This constant threat of interference and intrusion into his domestic affairs was a source of concern for Victor Amadeus, and from 1687 the Duke ’ s policy became increasingly anti-French as he searched for a chance to assert his aspirations and concerns.

Similarly, Andy no longer beats his wife, because of concerns about the depiction of domestic violence ( which was usually portrayed in a highly stylised manner, as an iconic cartoon smoke cloud with fists and feet protruding ).

The Act did not define national security, which was conceivably advantageous as its ambiguity made it a powerful phrase to invoke whenever issues threatened by other interests of the state, such as domestic concerns, came up for discussion and decision.

Presidents ' families have not always been happy, however, over the domestic concerns of bedroom size, privacy, closet space, ventilation, color scheme, and so on.

The second concerns itself with the possibly that certain domestic industries ( or laborers, or culture ) could be harmed by foreign competition.

US domestic public concerns about intervening in foreign conflicts persisted from the end of the Vietnam War.

They claim the process is prompted not by security and financial concerns but by the desire of domestic banks and tax agencies to access the money held in offshore accounts.

Hundreds of periodical titles, including popular magazines such as Ladies ' Home Journal, Ebony, and Seventeen, highlight domestic concerns, leisure pursuits, etiquette, fashion, and food.

Others have been inspired by concerns for animal welfare and the management of domestic species: for example Temple Grandin has harnessed her unique expertise in animal welfare and the ethical treatment of farm livestock to highlight underlying similarities between humans and other animals.

Strong motivation for this ' control ' act also came from export control concerns, following their tightening by the Export control Act of 1949 over Soviet advances ; export controls were used for both domestic policy and later as an instrument of foreign policy.

The domestic situation was only one of Anderson's concerns as Secretary of Agriculture.

In 1992, Shahla Sherkat founded Zanan ( Women ) magazine, which focused on the concerns of Iranian women and tested the political waters with its edgy coverage of reform politics, domestic abuse, and sex.