Issuers also use credit ratings in certain structured finance transactions.

Issuers of whole loan CMOs generally structure their deals to reduce the credit risk of all certain classes of bonds (" Senior Bonds ") by utilizing various forms of credit protection in the structure of the deal.

Issuers may seek listings for their securities to attract investors, by ensuring there is a liquid and regulated market that investors can buy and sell securities in.

Issuers of payday loans defend their higher interest rates by saying processing costs for payday loans are significantly higher than other loans, including home mortgages.

While the Digital Gold Issuers employ data security experts to protect their systems, the average account holder's computer is poorly protected against malware ( trojans, worms, and viruses ) that can be used to intercept information that could be used to access the user's DGC account.

* Rules which regulate the obligations of companies after their securities have been admitted to trading ( e. g., continuous disclosure rules ) – also covered by the Issuers and Securities Rules

Issuers, domestic concerns, and any person from making use of interstate commerce corruptly, in furtherance of an offer or payment of anything of value to a foreign official, foreign political party, or candidate for political office, for the purpose of influencing any act of that foreign official in violation of the duty of that official, or to secure any improper advantage in order to obtain or retain business.

Issuers will sometimes not include a greenshoe option in a transaction when they have a specific objective for the offering and do not want the possibility of raising more money than planned.

Issuers usually retain investment banks to assist them in administering the IPO, obtaining SEC ( or other regulatory body ) approval of the offering filing, and selling the new issue.

Issuers may either pay to trustees, which in turn call randomly selected bonds in the issue, or, alternatively, purchase bonds in open market, then return them to trustees.

CDO Issuers often enter TRS agreements as protection seller in order to leverage the returns for the structure's debt investors.

Issuers have taken quite different approaches to this problem.

When Maloney proposed her Credit Card Holders Bill of Rights, she was widely criticized by Credit Card Issuers.

Issuers of the Licentiate degree include but are not limited to the Insurance Institute of India, the Institute of Company Secretaries of India, the Association of Mutual Funds of India, and the Diploma Examination Board of the government of Andhra Pradesh.

Issuers can be central organisations, such as the Post Office in Great Britain, which are appointed and regulated by the national government.

Issuers have also taken the form of occupation forces ; revolutionary regimes ; agencies representing foreign post offices ; international organisations ; postal agencies appointed by individual cities, states ( in the federal sense ), territories, provinces or colonies ; and even groups of countries with common issues under a combined postal administration.

The problem is rather to find out what is actually happening, and this is especially difficult for the reason that `` we are busily being defended from a knowledge of the present, sometimes by the very agencies -- our educational system, our mass media, our statesmen -- on which we have had to rely most heavily for understanding of ourselves ''.

The private detective must rely, as the Youngest Son or Trickster Hero does in primitive myth, on his wits.

We can no longer rely on interdepartmental machinery `` somewhere upstairs '' to resolve differences between this and other departments.

Feelings of a community of interest will have to be recreated -- in some of the new nations, indeed, they must be built for the first time -- on a new basis which looks toward the future and does not rely only on shared memories of the past.

In proportion as meanings are concrete, we can better rely on their being insulated and distinctive.

It seems clear, when one takes into consideration the exceedingly defective eyesight of the patient ( we shall describe it in detail in connection with our second question, the one concerning the psychical blindness of the patient ), that he had to rely on his sense of touch much more than the usual portfolio-maker and that consequently that faculty was most probably more sensitive to shape and size than that of a person with normal vision.

In contrast to this Stoic-patristic view, Utopia implies that the nature of man is such that to rely on individual conscience to supply the deficiencies of municipal law is to embark on the bottomless sea of human sinfulness in a sieve.

Time perspective -- the ability to plan for the future and to postpone gratifying immediate wants in order to achieve long-range objectives -- is more easily developed if, from infancy on, the individual has been able to rely on and trust people and the world in which she lives.

He was unwilling to rely on Griffith's carrying his message, and he had no confidence the police would act on it.

Mr. Khrushchev is known to rely heavily on his instincts about his adversaries and to be a shrewd judge of men.

It is repeated at intervals in some rather sadly desperate word-games for insomniacs, the hospitalized, and others forced to rely on inner resources, including ( in the P's alone ) `` palindromes '', `` paraphrases '', and `` parodies ''.

Gansevoort said, `` It requires an omniscient eye to select those if any on whom we can now rely.

These representations rely on presenting scenes directly to the eye for their own visible sake.

Amphibians also use their skin for respiration and some small terrestrial salamanders rely entirely on this and have no lungs.

Because oxygen concentration in the water increases at both low temperatures and high flow rates, aquatic amphibians in these situations can rely primarily on cutaneous respiration, as in the Titicaca water frog and the hellbender salamander.

In air, where oxygen is more concentrated, some small species can rely solely on cutaneous gas exchange, most famously the plethodontid salamanders, which have neither lungs nor gills.

Some unicellular species rely entirely on external energy sources and have limited or no photosynthetic apparatus.

The Kruskal – Wallis test and the Friedman test are nonparametric tests, which do not rely on an assumption of normality.

The logical fallacies of amphiboly and equivocation rely heavily on the use of ambiguous words and phrases.

Songs and poetry often rely on ambiguous words for artistic effect, as in the song title " Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue " ( where " blue " can refer to the color, or to sadness ).

The defense counsel will then make a " plea in mitigation " ( also called " submissions on penalty ") wherein he or she will attempt to mitigate the relative seriousness of the offense and heavily refer to and rely upon the defendant's previous good character and good works ( if any ).

* availability of financing: Larger farms today often rely on lines of credit, typically from banks, to purchase the agrichemicals, and other supplies needed for each growing year.

This has led to suggestions that, rather than rely on CRA ratings in financial regulation, financial regulators should instead require banks, broker-dealers and insurance firms ( among others ) to use credit spreads when calculating the risk in their portfolio.

In essence, they forced European banks, and, more importantly, the European Central Bank itself when gauging the solvency of financial institutions, to rely more than ever on standardized assessments of credit risk marketed by two private US agencies-Moody ’ s and S & P, thus using public policy and ultimately taxpayers ’ money to strengthen an anti-competitive duopolistic industry.

Because the trade association does not pledge its credit, the vendor must rely upon the credit worthiness of each purchaser.

In essence, they forced European banks, and, more importantly, the European Central Bank itself e. g. when gauging the solvency of EU-based financial institutions, to rely more than ever on the standardized assessments of credit risk marketed by two private US agencies-Moody ’ s and S & P, thus using public policy and ultimately taxpayers ’ money to strengthen an anti-competitive duopolistic industry.

But unlike non-profit organizations, credit unions do not rely on donations, and are financial institutions that must turn what is, in economic terms, a small profit ( i. e. " surplus ") to be able to continue to serve their members.

In 1760, encouraged by William Smith, Allen sponsored the young painter Benjamin West's trip to Italy, establishing a £ 100 line of credit on which West could rely and, in a letter of introduction in 1760, calling him " a young ingenious Painter of this City, who is desirous to improve himself in that Science, by visiting Florence & Rome.

Less sophisticated stores may rely on consumers to phone or e-mail their orders ( though credit card numbers are not accepted by e-mail, for security reasons ).

In essence, they forced European banks, and, more importantly, the European Central Bank itself, to rely more than ever on the standardized assessments of “ credit risk ” marketed aggressively by two US credit rating agencies-Moody ’ s and S & P, thus using public policy and ultimately taxpayers ’ money to strengthen anti-competitive duopolistic practices akin to exclusive dealing.

In essence, they forced private banks, central banks, and bank regulators to rely more on assessments of credit risk by private rating agencies.

The typically higher credit rating is given because the securities that are used to fund the securitization rely solely on the cash flow created by the assets, not on the payment promise of the issuer.

A qualified assignment is also advantageous for the claimant as it will not have to rely on the continued credit of the defendant or property / casualty company as a general creditor.

Affinity credit cards are offered by many retailers, shopping centers, airlines, universities, alumni associations, sports teams, professional associations and others, and increasingly by small and mid-sized nonprofits and membership-based groups that rely on these programs for incremental revenue.

Farmers also widely rely on credit cooperatives as a source of financing for both working capital and investments.