Issuers, domestic concerns, and any person from making use of interstate commerce corruptly, in furtherance of an offer or payment of anything of value to a foreign official, foreign political party, or candidate for political office, for the purpose of influencing any act of that foreign official in violation of the duty of that official, or to secure any improper advantage in order to obtain or retain business.

Issuers may either pay to trustees, which in turn call randomly selected bonds in the issue, or, alternatively, purchase bonds in open market, then return them to trustees.

Issuers of payday loans defend their higher interest rates by saying processing costs for payday loans are significantly higher than other loans, including home mortgages.

Issuers will sometimes not include a greenshoe option in a transaction when they have a specific objective for the offering and do not want the possibility of raising more money than planned.

Issuers rely on credit ratings as an independent verification of their own credit-worthiness and the resultant value of the instruments they issue.

Issuers may seek listings for their securities to attract investors, by ensuring there is a liquid and regulated market that investors can buy and sell securities in.

Issuers also use credit ratings in certain structured finance transactions.

CDO Issuers often enter TRS agreements as protection seller in order to leverage the returns for the structure's debt investors.

While the Digital Gold Issuers employ data security experts to protect their systems, the average account holder's computer is poorly protected against malware ( trojans, worms, and viruses ) that can be used to intercept information that could be used to access the user's DGC account.

Issuers have taken quite different approaches to this problem.

When Maloney proposed her Credit Card Holders Bill of Rights, she was widely criticized by Credit Card Issuers.

Issuers of the Licentiate degree include but are not limited to the Insurance Institute of India, the Institute of Company Secretaries of India, the Association of Mutual Funds of India, and the Diploma Examination Board of the government of Andhra Pradesh.

Issuers of whole loan CMOs generally structure their deals to reduce the credit risk of all certain classes of bonds (" Senior Bonds ") by utilizing various forms of credit protection in the structure of the deal.

Issuers can be central organisations, such as the Post Office in Great Britain, which are appointed and regulated by the national government.

Issuers have also taken the form of occupation forces ; revolutionary regimes ; agencies representing foreign post offices ; international organisations ; postal agencies appointed by individual cities, states ( in the federal sense ), territories, provinces or colonies ; and even groups of countries with common issues under a combined postal administration.

* Rules which regulate the obligations of companies after their securities have been admitted to trading ( e. g., continuous disclosure rules ) – also covered by the Issuers and Securities Rules

In contrast, the morphologically similar seeds of Liliales have no phytomelan, and usually retain a cellular structure in the inner portion of the seed coat.

20th Century Fox, which usually holds rights to the more successful Buffy / Angel television franchise, will retain merchandising and some distribution rights.

The brightest stars, usually the stars that make up the constellation's eponymous asterism, also retain proper names, often from Arabic.

Lex Luthor, other supervillains, and various civilians have learned the secret identity several times, though their knowledge is usually been removed through various means ( the boxer Muhammad Ali is one of the very few to deduce the identity and retain the knowledge ).

When fully chilled, the most common ratios of gelatin to liquid ( as instructed on commercial packaging ) usually result in a custard-like texture which can retain detailed shapes when cold but melts back to a viscous liquid when warm.

They usually have well-developed insulation in order to retain body heat, fur in the case of mammals and feathers in birds.

The decay assumption is usually paired with the idea of rapid covert rehearsal: In order to overcome the limitation of short-term memory, and retain information for longer, information must be periodically repeated or rehearsed — either by articulating it out loud or by mentally simulating such articulation.

For a living trust, the grantor / settlor will often retain some level of relevance to the trust, usually by appointing him-or herself as the trustee and / or as the protector under the trust instrument ( in jurisdictions where protectors are recognised ).

In particular, French words that end in a silent e ( a schwa, eu, such as femme ) and words that end in a pronounced consonant and which usually have an e muet added at the end ( such as flic ) retain the sound of the e muet in verlan.

Sometimes adults retain these, but they usually disappear at metamorphosis.

Xerogels usually retain high porosity ( 15-50 %) and enormous surface area ( 150 – 900 m < sup > 2 </ sup >/ g ), along with very small pore size ( 1-10 nm ).

Since package management systems, at least on Unix systems, originated as extensions of file archiving utilities, they can usually only either overwrite or retain configuration files, rather than applying rules to them.

However, this system is usually characterized as state capitalism instead of market socialism because there exists no meaningful degree of employee management in the firms, the state enterprises retain their profits instead of distributing them to the workforce or government, and many function as partial or de facto private enterprises.

The vaccination is generally not given earlier than this because children younger than 18 months usually retain antimeasles immunoglobulins ( antibodies ) transmitted from the mother during pregnancy.

These professionals usually retain their original designation but may use terms such as ' holistic ', ' natural ', or ' integrative ' to describe their practice.

A vessel is usually arrested by the court to retain jurisdiction.

In such fiction, most current world problems are local in warfare, local in culture, and usually mono-cultural, and theistic ; further aggravated by various groups trying to retain a Type-0 monoculture through existing institutions and opposition to socialism, and others trying to move forward to a Type-I multicultural, global world though subversion, and revolutionary violence.

Essentially the JIT compiler can compile small sections of source code statements ( or bytecode ) as they are newly encountered and ( usually ) retain the result for the next time the same source is processed.

However, some historical grand duchies still retain the titles granted to them, usually from the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815.

For those areas that retain two-tier local government, districts usually form the lower tier of that arrangement, with counties forming the upper tier.

Since most such organizations have a strong competitive incentive to retain an exclusive access to these data, and since customer trust is usually a high priority, most companies take some security engineering measures to protect customer privacy.

The CBC has also sometimes directly acquired former private affiliate stations ; these usually ( although not always ) retain their historic call sign rather than changing to a CB call.

Freeride bikes are generally heavier and more amply suspended than their XC counterparts, but usually retain much of their climbing ability.

Moreover, if successful in war, a Margrave usually conquered more territory that he or she might retain as personal domain ; the consequent wealth and power might allow the establishment of an independent kingdom or princedom.

While in many instances an improper purpose is readily evident, such as a director looking to feather his or her own nest or divert an investment opportunity to a relative, such breaches usually involve a breach of the director's duty to act in good faith.

A planned economy is an economic system in which decisions regarding production and investment are embodied in a plan formulated by a central authority, usually by a government agency.

Databases are usually too expensive ( in terms of importance and needed investment in resources, e. g., time, money, to build them ) to be lost by a power interruption.

Databases are usually too expensive ( in terms of importance and needed investment in resources, e. g., time, money, to build them ) to be lost by a power interruption.

The investment manager, usually based in a major financial centre, will pay tax on the fees that it receives for managing the fund.

An investor in a hedge fund usually has direct access to the investment advisor of the fund, and may enjoy more personalized reporting than investors in retail investment funds.

Due to the emphasis of the OEM / ODM model, companies are usually unable to make in-depth assessments for investment, production, and marketing of new products, instead relying upon importation of key components and advanced technology from the United States and Japan.

Tax, tariff and trade rules in modern times are usually set together because of their common impact on industrial policy, investment policy, and agricultural policy.

Such dividends are a form of investment income and are usually taxable to the recipient in the year they are paid.

Nevertheless, high public capital investment usually leads to crowding out effects for private investment.

Devolution usually transfers responsibilities for services to local governments that elect their own elected functionaries and councils, raise their own revenues, and have independent authority to make investment decisions.

The investment in infrastructure is also usually lighter than would be found for a heavy rail system.

In large brokerage firms and investment banks, there are usually several Vice Presidents in each local branch office, the title being more of a marketing approach for customers, than denoting an actual managerial position within the company.

The relationship between the " Discount Yield " and the Rate of Return on other financial assets is usually discussed in such economic and financial theories involving the inter-relation between various Market Prices, and the achievement of Pareto Optimality through the operations in the Capitalistic Price Mechanism ,< Ref Name =" Economics_Discount "/> as well as in the discussion of the " Efficient ( Financial ) Market Hypothesis ".< Ref Name =" Finance_Discount "/>< Ref Name =" Economics_Competition "> Competition from other firms who offer other Financial Assets that promise the Market Rate of Return forces the person who is asking for a delay in payment to offer a " Discount Yield " that is the same as the Market Rate of Return .</ ref > The person delaying the payment of the current Liability is essentially compensating the person to whom he / she owes money for the lost revenue that could be earned from an investment during the time period covered by the delay in payment.

As indicated, the Rate of Return is usually calculated in accordance to an annual return on investment.

era investors usually divided their investment among many ships, and each ship had many investors behind it.

Speculation usually involves more risks than investment.

A large IPO is usually underwritten by a " syndicate " of investment banks, the largest of which take the position of " lead underwriter ".

Although laws differ from country to country, an audit of the financial statements of a public company is usually required for investment, financing, and tax purposes.

An index fund or index tracker is a collective investment scheme ( usually a mutual fund or exchange-traded fund ) that aims to replicate the movements of an index of a specific financial market, or a set of rules of ownership that are held constant, regardless of market conditions.

Thus, such an investment usually implies a risk.

Conventional debt arrangements are thus usually unacceptable — but conventional venture investment structures are applied even on very small scales.