In addition to the DSN complexes and the operations center, a ground communications facility provides communications that link the three complexes to the operations center at JPL, to space flight control centers in the United States and overseas, and to scientists around the world.

One driven out of Caltech and NASA JPL, the other from the German scientists that developed the early V2 rocket guidance and MIT.

In March 1996 radar observations of the asteroid were conducted at the Goldstone Observatory under the direction of JPL scientists Steven Ostro and Lance Benner, allowing the construction of a model of the object.

Eventually, to the shock of scientists at JPL in Pasadena who could not track the trajectory accurately enough due to the comet's constant outgassing, the Hammer does fall, breaking up into several smaller comets that impact around the world with devastating results, striking parts of Europe, Africa, the Gulf of Mexico, and both the Pacific and Atlantic.

Shortly after the discovery by LINEAR, Scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), the Athabasca University ( Canada ), the Queen ’ s University in Kingston ( Ontario, Canada ), the York University in Toronto and the Tuorla Observatory of the University of Turku in Finland determined the unusual orbit of, and through further observations at the Canada – France – Hawaii Telescope in Hawaii it was confirmed that:

As the story goes, after the Ranger program had experienced failure after failure during the 1960s, the first successful Ranger mission to impact the moon occurred while a JPL staff member was eating peanuts.

The event took place at 1 p. m. PDT ( 4 p. m. EDT ) Tuesday, Aug. 28, at NASA ’ s Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) in Pasadena, Calif. Song title: Reaching for the Stars.

The best current ( 2009 ) estimate of the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) for the value of the astronomical unit in meters is A = m, based on a comparison of JPL and IAA – RAS ephemerides.

In 2008, JPL spent over $ 1. 6 billion on research and development and employed over 5, 000 project-related and support employees.

) The ephemerides continued on this basis through 1983 ( with some changes due to adoption of improved values of astronomical constants ), after which, for 1984 onwards, they adopted the JPL ephemerides.

JPL has been recognized four times by the Space Foundation: with the Douglas S. Morrow Public Outreach Award, which is given annually to an individual or organization that has made significant contributions to public awareness of space programs, in 1998 ; and with the John L. " Jack " Swigert, Jr., Award for Space Exploration on three occasions – in 2009 ( as part of NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander Team ), 2006 and 2005.

Almost all of the of the U. S. federal government / NASA owned property that makes up the JPL campus is today located in the city of La Cañada Flintridge, California, on the northwest border of Pasadena, with a La Cañada Flintridge address ( 4800 Oak Grove Drive, La Cañada Flintridge, CA 91011 ).

The lab has an open house once a year on a Saturday and Sunday in May or June, when the public is invited to tour the facilities and see live demonstrations of JPL science and technology.

His early work was done on mainframes at III, JPL, and Caltech.

Mariner 3 ( together with Mariner 4 known as Mariner-Mars 1964 ) was one of two identical deep-space probes designed and built by Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) for NASA's Mariner Mars 1964 Project that were intended to conduct close-up ( flyby ) scientific observations of the planet Mars and transmit information on interplanetary space and the space surrounding Mars, televised images of the Martian surface and occultation data of spacecraft radio signals as affected by the Martian atmosphere back to Earth.

It was in use for the official almanacs and planetary ephemerides from 1960 to 1983, and was replaced in official almanacs for 1984 and after, by numerically integrated Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris DE200 ( based on the JPL relativistic coordinate time scale T < sub > eph </ sub >).

By this time, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) had become interested in the idea of planetary aerobots, and in fact a team under Jim Cutts of JPL had been working on concepts for planetary aerobots for several years, as well as performing experiments to validate aerobot technology.

By 1996, JPL was working on a full-fledged aerobot experiment named PAT, for " Planetary Aerobot Testbed ", which was intended to demonstrate a complete planetary aerobot through flights into Earth's atmosphere.

JPL continued to work on a more focused, low-cost experiments to lead to a Mars aerobot, under the name MABVAP, for " Mars Aerobot Validation Program ".

While these tests and experiments were going on, JPL performed a number of speculative studies for planetary aerobot missions to Mars, Venus, Saturn's moon Titan, and the outer planets.

JPL has also pursued similar studies on Venus aerobots.

JPL has built a simple prototype that looks three beachballs on a tubular frame.

Together with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), ABMA built Explorer 1 in 84 days and launched it on January 31, 1958.

Among other limitations, the Army submission focused on the vehicle, while a payload was assumed to become available from JPL, and the network of ground tracking stations was assumed to be a Navy project.

Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) lost contact with Spirit after last hearing from the rover on March 22, 2010 and continued attempts to regain communications until May 25, 2011 bringing the elapsed mission time to 6 years 2 months 19 days or over 25 times the original planned mission duration.

The first un-ambiguous detection of Venus was made by Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) on 10 March 1961.

Hence, beginning in 1958, NASA JPL and the Caltech crew became focused primarily on unmanned flight and shifted away from military applications with a few exceptions.

Vulcan was a database application that ran on the CP / M operating system, and was modeled on JPL / DIS, a Univac 1106 program used at JPL and written by fellow programmer Jeb Long.

* The Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) similarly defines centaurs as having a semi-major axis, a, between those of Jupiter and Neptune ( 5. 5 AU < a < 30. 1 AU ).

Among the inner centaurs, 2005 VD, with a perihelion distance very near Jupiter, is listed as a centaur by both JPL and DES.

Wayne Ratliff had written Vulcan to help run an office football pool at his day job at JPL.

During the initial proceedings it was learned that dBASE's file format and language had been based on a mainframe product used at JPL, where Ratliff had been working when he first created Vulcan.

JPL continued to attempt to regain contact until May 24, 2011, when NASA announced that efforts to communicate with the unresponsive rover had ended.

Like the Germans before them, Bendix had significant problems with the engine, and eventually decided to develop a solid-fuel engine based on a new elastomeric fuel from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), starting in March 1951.

that the JPL Ephemeris Tape System was " used for virtually all computations of spacecraft trajectories in the US space program ", and that it had, as its current lunar ephemeris, an evaluation of the Improved Lunar Ephemeris incorporating a number of corrections: sources are named as ' The Improved Lunar Ephemeris ' ( documentation which was the report of the Eckert computations carried out by the SSEC, complete with lunar position results from 1952 – 1971 ), with corrections as described by Eckert et al.

The previous year, JPL had sold power at an even higher rate of Rs 4. 30 per unit.

The previous year, JPL had sold power at an even higher rate of Rs 4. 30 per unit.

* JPL small body database, including orbit diagrams

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory's ( JPL ) website shows that between the years 1900 and 2200, that the comet is only insignificantly perturbed by Saturn on July 29, 1957, when it passes within 1. 6AU of the giant planet's powerful influence.

OTT protects and manages the intellectual property developed by faculty members, students, other researchers, and JPL technologists.

Both JPL and Lockheed Martin began to prepare flight data and other records for the MIB.

The community surrounding JPL drove tremendous innovation in telecommunication, interplanetary exploration and earth monitoring ( among other areas ).

Old Pasadena began as the center of an enlightened " Athens of the West " that gave rise to Caltech, JPL, as well as Beckman Instruments, Aerojet and numerous other industrial giants.

3200 Phaethon (, sometimes incorrectly spelled Phaeton ) is an asteroid with an unusual orbit that brings it closer to the Sun than any other named asteroid ( though there are several unnamed asteroids, including three numbered ones, with smaller perihelia, e. g. ).< ref name = jplperilist > JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine results for asteroids with q < 0. 141 AU Retrieved 2011-09-05.

The JPL astronomers also noted that there are " 50 billion other galaxies ," potentially yielding more than one sextillion " Earth analog " planets if all galaxies have similar numbers of planets to the Milky Way.