Illustration from Kitab al-aghani ( Book of Songs ), 1216-20, by Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, a collection of songs by famous musicians and Arab poets.

Kitab fi Firaq al Tibb by Galen ( 2008 ), Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine & Sciences, Aligarh, India ; ISBN 978-81-906070-1-8

Kitab al Anasir by Galen ( 2008 ), Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine & Sciences, Aligarh, India ; ISBN 978-81-906070-2-5

They are: Kitab al-Kafi by Muhammad ibn Ya ' qub al-Kulayni al-Razi ( 329 AH ), Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih by Muhammad ibn Babuya and Al-Tahdhib and Al-Istibsar both by Shaykh Muhammad Tusi.

His knowledge of optics was connected to the handed-down long-standing tradition of the Kitab al-manazir ( The Optics ; De aspectibus ) of the Arab polymath Alhazen ( Ibn al-Haytham, d. c. 1041 ), which was mediated by Franciscan optical workshops of the 13th-century Perspectivae traditions of scholars such as Roger Bacon, John Peckham and Witelo ( similar influences are also traceable in the third commentary of Lorenzo Ghiberti, Commentario terzo ).

Books on the subject included the Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder, which not only described many different minerals but also explained many of their properties, and Kitab al Jawahir ( Book of Precious Stones ) by Muslim scientist Al Biruni.

They are: Kitab al-Kafi by Muhammad ibn Ya ' qub al-Kulayni al-Razi ( 329 AH ), Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih by Muhammad ibn Babuya and Al-Tahdhib and Al-Istibsar both by Shaykh Muhammad Tusi.

* c. 1080 – the Liber pantegni, a compendium of Hellenistic and Islamic medicine, is written in Italy by the Carthaginian Christian Constantine the African, paraphrasing translated passages from the Kitab al-malaki of Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi as well as other Arabic texts.

* Publication of The Book of Healing ( Arabic: کتاب الشفاء Kitab Al-Shifaʾ, Latin: Sufficientia ), a comprehensive scientific and philosophical encyclopedia written by the Persian polymath Avicenna ( Abū ʿAlī ibn Sīnā ).

Discovered by scholar Nabia Abbott in 1948, it bears the title Kitab Hadith Alf Layla (" The Book of the Tale of the Thousand Nights ") and the first few lines of the book in which Dinazad asks Shirazad ( Scheherazade ) to tell him stories.

Averroes's aptitude for medicine was noted by his contemporaries and can be seen in his major enduring work Kitab al-Kulyat fi al-Tibb ( Generalities ) the work was influenced by the Kitab al-Taisir fi al-Mudawat wa al-Tadbir ( Particularities ) of Ibn Zuhr.

Other works were the Fasl al-Maqal, which argued for the legality of philosophical investigation under Islamic law, and the Kitab al-Kashf, which argued against the proofs of Islam advanced by the Ash ' arite school and discussed what proofs, on the popular level, should be used instead.

Algebra was significantly developed by Persian scientist Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī during this time in his landmark text, Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala, from which the term algebra is derived.

Literary criticism was also employed in other forms of medieval Arabic literature and Arabic poetry from the 9th century, notably by Al-Jahiz in his al-Bayan wa -' l-tabyin and al-Hayawan, and by Abdullah ibn al-Mu ' tazz in his Kitab al-Badi.

The earliest known documented description of khat is found in the Kitab al-Saidala fi al-Tibb, an 11th century work on pharmacy and materia medica written by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, a Persian scientist and biologist.

Kitab al Mizaj of Galen ( 2008 ), Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine & Sciences, Aligarh, India ; ISBN 978-81-906070-3-2

*" Kitab ila Aglooqan fi Shifa al Amraz " – This Arabic translation, related to Galen ’ s Commentary, by Hunayn ibn Ishaq, is extant in the Library of Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences.

* Kitab al-Istiḳat, in Hebrew Sefer ha-Yesodot and Latin as De Elementis, a medical and philosophical work on the elements, which the author treats according to the ideas of Aristotle, Hippocrates, and Galen.

He is the so-called " Mad Arab " credited with authoring the imaginary book Kitab al-Azif ( the Necronomicon ), and as such is an integral part of Cthulhu Mythos lore.

* Kitab al-Najat ( The Book of Salvation ), trans.

Kitab al-Aghani ( Book of Songs ), a collection of poems and songs with the stories of the composers and singers in many volumes from the oldest epoch of Arabic literature down to the 9th cent.

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi ( Abulcasis ), who some have called the father of modern surgery, wrote the Kitab al-Tasrif ( 1000 ), a 30-volume medical encyclopedia which was taught at Muslim and European medical schools until the 17th century.

Wilfred Cantwell Smith traced the story from a 2nd to 4th century Sanskrit Mahayana Buddhist text, to a Manichee version, which then found its way into Muslim culture as the Arabic Kitab Bilawhar wa-Yudasaf ( Book of Bilawhar and Yudasaf ), which was current in Baghdad in the 8th century.

In his Kitab al-Asrar ( Book of Secrets ), the physician and chemist Razi described two methods for the production of kerosene, termed naft abyad (" white naphtha "), using an apparatus called an alembic.

According to Toufic Fahd, around the 9th century, Al-Dinawari, an Iranian Kurdish naturalist, wrote the Kitab al-Nabat ( Book of Plants ), in which he deals with the application of meteorology to agriculture during the Muslim Agricultural Revolution.

* c. 1010 — Avicenna ( Abu Ali al Hussein ibn Abdallah ibn Sina ) published The Canon of Medicine ( Kitab al-Qanun fi al-tibb ), in which he introduces clinical trials and clinical pharmacology, and which remains an authoritative text in European medical education up until the 17th century.

* c. 1025 – Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī publishes the Kitab fi Tahqiq ma li ' l-Hind ( Researches on India ), in which he discusses the geology of India and hypothesizes that it was once a sea.

One of his most prominent achievements is his book, Kitab Ash-Shatranj ( Book of Chess ), which was the first scientific book ever written on chess strategy.

The Kitab al-Magall (" Book of the Rolls ", considered part of Clementine literature ) and the Cave of Treasures mention a tradition that after being founded by the children of Saba ( son of Joktan ), there was a succession of sixty female rulers up until the time of Solomon.

Details about the three of Joktan's sons, Sheba, Ophir and Havilah, were preserved in a tradition known in divergent forms from three pre-Islamic Arabic and Ethiopic sources: the Kitab al-Magall ( part of Clementine literature ), the Cave of Treasures, and the Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan.

According to an early Arabic work known as Kitab al-Magall or the Book of Rolls ( part of Clementine literature ), Harran was one of the cities built by Nimrod, when Peleg was 50 years old.

The Andalusian agronomist Ibn Bassal ( fl 1038 – 1075 ), in his Kitab al-Filaha, describes the flywheel effect employed in a water wheel machine, the saqiya.

Ibn Sina, Persian scholar of the 11th century, presented a scheme in his Kitab al-najat ( Book of the delivery ), making the same distinction, having 2 classes.

One of the Arabic translations, ‘ Kitab ila Aglooqan fi Shifa al Amraz ’, which is extant in the Library of Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine & Sciences, is regarded as a masterpiece of Galen's literary works.

In the early 11th century, Alhazen ( Ibn al-Haytham ) wrote the Book of Optics ( Kitab al-manazir ) in which he explored reflection and refraction and proposed a new system for explaining vision and light based on observation and experiment.

* c. 1225 — Ibn al-Baitar, al-Nabati's student, writes his Kitab al-Jami fi al-Adwiya al-Mufrada, a botanical and pharmaceutical encyclopedia describing 1, 400 plants, foods, and drugs, 300 of which are his own original discoveries ; a later Latin translation of his work is useful to European biologists and pharmacists in the 18th and 19th centuries.

The Suda has a near-contemporaneous Islamic parallel, the Kitab al-Fehrest of Ibn al-Nadim.

Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, considered the greatest epic of Italian literature, derived many features of and episodes about the hereafter directly or indirectly from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology: the Hadith and the Kitab al-Miraj ( translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before as Liber Scale Machometi, " The Book of Muhammad's Ladder ") concerning Muhammad's ascension to Heaven, and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi.

The first detailed studies on the subject of historiography and the first critiques on historical methods appeared in the works of the Arab Ash ' ari polymath Ibn Khaldun ( 1332 – 1406 ), who is regarded as the father of historiography, cultural history, and the philosophy of history, especially for his historiographical writings in the Muqaddimah ( Latinized as Prolegomena ) and Kitab al-Ibar ( Book of Advice ).

Ibn Khaldun wrote on economic and political theory in the introduction, or Muqaddimah ( Prolegomena ), of his History of the World ( Kitab al-Ibar ).

The message was clear and it was from God ; in a passage of Kitab al-Mubashshirāt Ibn ‘ Arabī admits that one evening in Mecca he experienced a brief spell of despondency on the face of his disciples, he thought of leaving all counselling, abandon men to their fate and to devote his future efforts to himself alone as those who truly enter the Path are rare.

* Kitab al-Tabikh ( The Book of Dishes ) ( 10th century ) by Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq

* Ibn Abd al-Hakam, Kitab Futuh Misr wa ' l Maghrib wa ' l Andalus.

Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, considered the greatest epic of Italian literature, derived many features of and episodes about the hereafter directly or indirectly from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology: the Hadith and the Kitab al-Miraj ( translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before as Liber Scale Machometi, " The Book of Muhammad's Ladder ") concerning Muhammad's ascension to Heaven, and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi.

The investigations and writings of these Renaissance theorists of architecture and visual art were informed by the studies in classical optics of thirteenth-century Franciscan perspectivists like Roger Bacon, John Peckham, and Witelo, who all were directly inspired and influenced by the translation into Latin from Arabic of the Book of Optics ( known in Latinate renditions as Perspectiva, and in Arabic as Kitab al-manazir ) of the eleventh-century Arab polymath and optician, Alhazen ( Ibn al-Haytham ).

Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, considered the greatest epic of Italian literature, derived many features of and episodes about the hereafter directly or indirectly from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology: the Hadith and the Kitab al-Miraj ( translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before as Liber Scale Machometi, " The Book of Muhammad's Ladder ") concerning Muhammad's ascension to Heaven, and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi.

The most widely read version of the Constitution is found in the pages of Ibn Ishaq's Sirah Rasul Allah ( see wikisource ), while alternative copies are located in Sayyid al-Nas and Abu ‘ Ubayd's Kitab al-Amwal.

Witelo's treatise in optics was closely linked to the Latin version of Ibn al-Haytham's Arabic opus: Kitab al-manazir ( The Book of Optics ; De aspectibus or Perspectivae ), and both were printed in the Friedrich Risner edition Opticae Thesaurus ( Basel, 1572 ).