Anthemius of Tralles ( c. 474 – before 558 ; ) was a Greek professor of Geometry in Constantinople ( present-day Istanbul in Turkey ) and architect, who collaborated with Isidore of Miletus to build the church of Hagia Sophia by the order of Justinian I. Anthemius came from an educated family, one of five sons of Stephanus of Tralles, a physician.

This story survived in the works of Hesychius of Miletus, who in all probability lived in the time of Justinian I.

The city was sacked by the Samaritans in 529, but rebuilt by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. Bethlehem was conquered by the Arab Caliphate of ' Umar ibn al-Khattāb in 637, who guaranteed safety for the city's religious shrines.

In the 6th century, the Neoplatonist philosopher Simplicius, who was persecuted for his pagan beliefs during the reign of Justinian, wrote an extant commentary on the Enchiridion.

Justin, who was in the imperial guard ( the Excubitors ) before he became emperor, adopted Justinian, brought him to Constantinople, and ensured the boy's education.

Chronicler John Malalas, who lived during the reign of Justinian, tells of his appearance that he was short, fair skinned, curly haired, round faced and handsome.

Justinian, who had always had a keen interest in theological matters and actively participated in debates on Christian doctrine, became even more devoted to religion during the later years of his life.

They forced him to dismiss Tribonian and two of his other ministers, and then attempted to overthrow Justinian himself and replace him by the senator Hypatius, who was a nephew of the late emperor Anastasius.

King Hilderic, who had maintained good relations with Justinian and the North African Catholic clergy, had been overthrown by his cousin Gelimer in 530.

In the course of his reign Justinian, who had a genuine interest in matters of theology, authored a small number of theological treatises.

In 527, the first year of Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I's reign, he became the adsessor ( legal adviser ) for Belisarius, Justinian's chief military commander who was then beginning a brilliant career.

However, this dating was disputed by Hypatius of Ephesus, who met the monophysite party during the 532 meeting with Emperor Justinian I ; Hypatius denied its authenticity on the grounds that none of the Fathers or Councils ever cited or referred to it.

In 554, Granada and southernmost Hispania Baetica were lost to representatives of the Byzantine Empire ( to form the province of Spania ) who had been invited in to help settle a Visigothic dynastic struggle, but who stayed on, as a hoped-for spearhead to a " Reconquest " of the far west envisaged by emperor Justinian I.

Meanwhile, the surviving Eastern Roman Empire began to expand under the emperor Justinian, who eventually recaptured North Africa from the Vandals, and attempted to fully recover Italy as well in the hope of re-establishing Roman control over the lands once ruled by the Western Roman Empire.

* Justinian, later Byzantine emperor, marries in Constantinople his mistress Theodora, who is by profession a courtesan ( approximate date ).

* August 1 – Justin I, age 77, dies at Constantinople and is succeeded by Justinian I who becomes sole emperor.

* Byzantine emperor Justinian II sends a fleet to Italy under the patrikios Theodore, to intervene in the dispute between Pope Constantine and the archbishop Felix of Ravenna, who claimed to be independent of the pope's authority.

For example the title was applied to the Byzantine empress Theodora, who had started life as an erotic actress but later became the wife of the Emperor Justinian and, after her death, an Orthodox saint.

Sicily was the first part of Italy to be taken under control of General Belisarius who was commissioned by Eastern Emperor Justinian I who solidified his rule in the following years.

The eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I, who had supported Hilderic, soon declared war on the Vandals, ostensibly to restore Hilderic.

Procopius writes that he was " a very particular friend and guest-friend of Justinian, who had not yet come to the throne ", noting that Hilderic and Justinian exchanged large presents of money to each other.

The codes of Justinian, particularly the Corpus juris civilis ( 529-534 ) continued to be the basis of legal practice in the Empire throughout its so-called Byzantine history.

Kathleen Wider proposes that the murder of Hypatia marked the end of Classical antiquity, and Stephen Greenblatt observes that her murder " effectively marked the downfall of Alexandrian intellectual life ", On the other hand, Maria Dzielska and Christian Wildberg note that Hellenistic philosophy continued to flourish in the 5th and 6th centuries, and perhaps until the age of Justinian.

Justinian ’ s reign saw the continued slow and ongoing process of transformation of the Byzantine Empire, as the traditions inherited from the ancient Latin Roman state were gradually being eroded.

Justinian and Khosrau declared a five year truce in 545 but war continued to ravage the Caucasus region.

In spite of this fact, the original Roman Senate continued to express decrees into the late 6th century and so some historians even place the symbolic end of antiquity at the death of Justinian I in 565, because Justinian was the last emperor to speak Latin and the last to use wholly Roman ( as opposed to Greek ) customs and rules for his court and government.

Although Justinian II ( 685 – 695 and 705 – 711 ) attempted a restoration of the follis size of Justinian I, the follis continued to slowly decrease in size.

A decree of Justinian, dated to 530, outlawed marriage between a godfather and his goddaughter, and these barriers continued to multiply until the 11th century, forbidding marriage between natural and spiritual parents, or those directly related to them.

Justinian Caire's descendents retained on the east end of the island, on which they continued the sheep ranching operation.

The Gherini family, descendents of Justinian Caire, continued their sheep ranching operations on the east end of Santa Cruz Island until 1984, using Scorpion Ranch as their base.

Justinian I conquered the Italian peninsula in the Gothic War ( 535 – 554 ) and appointed the next three popes, a practice that would be continued by his successors and later be delegated to the Exarchate of Ravenna.

This continued from the time of Justinian into the middle Byzantine period, as shown from a 10th-century excavation in Sebaste in Phrygia, which uncovered a marble templon whose epistyle is covered with busts of saints.

The Breviarium was enlarged and continued down to the time of Justinian by Paulus Diaconus ; the work of the latter was in turn enlarged by Landolfus Sagax ( c. 1000 ), and taken down to the time of the emperor Leo the Armenian ( 813 – 820 ) in the Historia Miscella.

Under Justinian I, it was renamed to Ioustinianoupolis, a name which continued to be occasionally used for a long time.

Although philosophers continued to teach Plato's philosophy in Athens during the Roman era, it was not until AD 410 that a revived Academy was re-established as a center for Neoplatonism, persisting until 529 AD when it was finally closed down by Justinian I.

According to legend agents of Justinian I bribed two Buddhist monks from Khotan in about 552 to discover the secret of cultivating silk, although much continued to be imported from China.

Moreover, Justin II was moving away from the foreign policy of Justinian, and believed in dealing more strictly with bordering states and peoples.

At Constantinople the zeal of Justinian I for a church policy was shown during the patriarchate of Epiphanius by laws ( e. g. in 528 and 529 ) regulating episcopal elections and duties.

In Constantinople he seems to have early won the notice of Justinian I, one of the main objects of whose policy was the consolidation of Eastern Christianity as a bulwark against the Zoroastrian power of Persia, through persecution of all the remaining pagans of the empire.

By the middle of the 6th century the emperor Justinian was eventually forced to recognize the failure of this policy and to combine civil and military power in the hands of the dux with a civil deputy ( the praeses ) as a counterweight to the power of the church authorities.

But in the condemnation of the Three Chapters Justinian tried to satisfy both the East and the West, but succeeded in satisfying neither.

Justinian also tried to find new routes for the eastern trade, which was suffering badly from the wars with the Persians.

For three days, Justinian tried to convince the citizens of Constantinople to open the gates, but to no avail.

When Justinian, towards the close of his life, tried to raise the sect of the Aphthartodocetae to the rank of orthodoxy, and determined to expel Eutychius for his opposition, the able lawyer-ecclesiastic of Antioch, who had already distinguished himself by his great edition of the canons, was chosen to carry out the imperial will.

For three days, Justinian tried to convince the citizens of Constantinople to open the gates, but to no avail.

Justinian tried to negotiate but Kavadh instead sent 40, 000 men towards Dara in 529.

Another circumstance which renders the work of Gaius more interesting to the historical student than that of Justinian, is that Gaius lived at a time when actions were tried by the system of formulae, or formal directions given by the praetor before whom the case first came, to the judex to whom he referred it.

From his enthronement to his death, as Mihai Urzică writes, " faced with the adversities to which the Church was subjected, Patriarch Justinian proved himself an able diplomat and tried, as much as he could, to withstand the attacks launched against the house of the Lord.

Through his agents, Justinian tried to save Amalasuntha's life, but to no avail.

The preparations for the operation were carried out in absolute secrecy, while Justinian tried to secure the neutrality of the Franks by gifts of gold.