John XXIII was acknowledged as pope by France, England, Bohemia, Prussia, Portugal, parts of the Holy Roman Empire, and numerous Northern Italian city states, including Florence and Venice ; however, the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII was regarded as pope by the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, and Scotland and Gregory XII was still favored by Ladislaus of Naples, Carlo I Malatesta, the princes of Bavaria, Louis III, Elector Palatine, and parts of Germany and Poland.

* then to Louis II, Duke of Orléans, of the Orléans branch of the Valois, who became Louis XII of France,

** Louis XII ( 1498 – 1515 )

* Louis XII ( 1498 – 1515 )

On the same day the French King Louis XII named Cesare Duke of Valentinois, and this title, along with his former position as Cardinal of Valencia, explains the nickname " Valentino ".

Before meeting Cesare, Leonardo had worked at the Milanese court of Ludovico Sforza for many years, until Louis XII of France drove Sforza out of Italy.

* 1508 – The League of Cambrai is formed by Pope Julius II, Louis XII of France, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Ferdinand II of Aragon as an alliance against Venice.

In 1508 he went to Paris on the invitation of Louis XII as professor of belles lettres, and held for a time the position of Rector of the University of Paris.

Although England was an ally of Spain, one of France's principal enemies, the war was mostly about Henry's desire for personal glory, regardless of the fact that his sister Mary was married to the French king Louis XII.

** Louis XII, 1498 – 1515

In 1500 she met King Louis XII of France in Milan on a diplomatic mission to persuade him not to send his troops against Mantua.

Anne of Brittany, Queen consort of Louis XII often copied Isabella, who had a fashion doll made in her likeness.

* 1499 – Louis XII of France marries Anne of Brittany.

* 1496 – Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VII of England ; wife of Louis XII of France ( d. 1533 )

Between 1499 and 1512 he carried out several diplomatic missions: to the court of Louis XII in France ; to the court of Ferdinand II of Aragón, in Spain ; in Germany ; and to the Papacy in Rome, in the Italian states.

* 1500 – Treaty of Granada – Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon agree to divide the Kingdom of Naples between them.

* 1514 – Marriage of Louis XII of France and Mary Tudor.

But, by a brilliant campaign in 1506, Julius succeeded in freeing Perugia and Bologna from their despots ( Giampolo Baglioni and Giovanni II Bentivoglio, respectively ), and raised himself to such a height of influence as to render his friendship of prime importance both to Louis XII of France and the Holy Roman Emperor.

In 1508, events so favoured the plans of Julius that he was able to conclude the League of Cambrai with Louis XII, King of France, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, and Ferdinand II, King of Aragon.

Among other things, Julius wanted the Venetian possession of Romagna ; Emperor Maximilian I wanted Friuli and Veneto ; Louis XII wanted Cremona ; and Ferdinand II wanted the Apulian ports. This war was a conflict in what was collectively known as the " Italian Wars ".

Ludovico Sforza ( known as Ludovico il Moro, famous for taking Leonardo da Vinci into his service ) was defeated in 1500 by the French army of Louis XII of France-see Italian Wars.

Henry VII and Queen Elizabeth had several children, four of which survived infancy: Arthur, Prince of Wales, Henry, Duke of Richmond, Margaret, who married James IV of Scotland, and Mary, who married Louis XII of France.

This gave the succession to his cousin Lady Jane Grey, the granddaughter of Henry VIII's sister Mary Tudor, who, after the death of Louis XII of France in 1515 had married Henry VIII's favourite Charles Brandon, the first Duke of Suffolk.

Louis XIV of France conquered parts of Alsace and Lorraine ( 1678 – 1681 ), and had invaded and devastated the Electorate of the Palatinate ( 1688 – 1697 ) in the War of Palatinian Succession.

Meanwhile, Alexander II invaded northern England again, taking Carlisle in August and then marching south to give homage to Prince Louis for his English possessions ; John narrowly missed intercepting Alexander along the way.

Luxembourg was invaded by Louis XIV of France ( husband of Maria Theresa, daughter of Philip IV ) in 1684, an action that caused alarm among France's neighbours and resulted in the formation of the League of Augsburg in 1686.

In the spring of 839, Louis the German invaded Swabia, Pepin II and his Gascon subjects fought all the way to the Loire, and the Danes returned to ravage the Frisian coast ( sacking Dorstad for a second time ).

She was further dismayed when James refused to help when the Catholic King of France, Louis XIV, invaded Orange and persecuted Huguenot refugees there.

Once ensconced at Naples, Charles found his new kingdom invaded by Louis of Anjou and Amadeus VI of Savoy ; hard-pressed, he reneged on his promises.

Louis IV invaded Italy, entered Rome and set up Pietro Rainalducci as Antipope Nicholas V in 1328.

A strip of his land having been given to the young Charles, Louis invaded Alamannia again.

Encouraged by his nephews Pepin II and Charles, King of Provence, Louis invaded in 858 ; Charles the Bald could not even raise an army to resist the invasion and fled to Burgundy ; in that year, Louis issued a charter dated " the first year of the reign in West Francia.

In 858, Louis the German, invited by disaffected nobles eager to oust Charles, invaded the West Frankish kingdom.

For the Dutch Republic, 1672 proved calamitous, becoming known as the " disaster year " ( Dutch: rampjaar ) because of the Franco-Dutch War and the Third Anglo-Dutch War in which the Netherlands were invaded by France under Louis XIV, England, Münster, and Cologne.

In February 1625, the Protestant Soubise led a Huguenot revolt against the French king Louis XIII, and after publishing a manifesto, invaded and occupied the island of Ré.

Napoleon finally invaded Holland on 1 July 1810, forcing Louis to abdicate the same day, and annexed the entire Kingdom of Holland on 9 July.

Louis XVIII was forced to abandon Verona when Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the Republic of Venice.

During Philibert's reign, his first cousin Charles VIII of France died, and the next king, Louis XII of France, invaded Italy, where he conquered most of the Kingdom of Naples.

Led by his brother Louis, the army invaded the northern Netherlands in 1568.

In 792, the Saracens again invaded France, but they were repulsed by William count of Toulouse-regent of the child Louis the Pious, King of Aquitaine-whose hegemony extended into Catalonia.

Louis XIV of France invaded in 1692, capturing the town and annexing it to France.

In 876 Charles invaded eastern Lotharingia but was defeated near Andernach by Louis.

After Louis IV ( 1314 – 47 ) had defeated his rival Frederick, Duke of Austria, at the battle of Mühldorf ( 18 September 1322 ), and had invaded Lombardy to further the cause of the Ghibelline Visconti, John XXII ordered the whole question of right to the German throne to be brought before the papal tribunal and, on 8 October 1323, began canonical proceedings against Louis.

Taking advantage of the Ottoman threat in the east Louis XIV invaded the Spanish Netherlands on 1 September 1683 and renewed the siege of Luxembourg, which had been abandoned the previous year.

On 15 April 1509, a French army under the command of Louis XII left Milan and invaded Venetian territory.