In Western philosophy, the spread of Christianity through the Roman Empire marked the ending of Hellenistic philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of Medieval philosophy, whereas in Eastern philosophy, the spread of Islam through the Arab Empire marked the end of Old Iranian philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of early Islamic philosophy.

Category: Medieval Islamic astronomers

Category: Medieval Islamic mathematicians

File: Medieval horse armour. jpg | Medieval horse armour on display at Museum of Islamic Art, Doha in Qatar.

In the Medieval period, the production of grimoires continued in Christendom as well as amongst Jews and the followers of the newly founded Islamic faith.

Medieval Islamic astronomers gave Arabic names to many stars that are still used today, and they invented numerous astronomical instruments that could compute the positions of the stars.

Depictions of Islamic " Moors " and " Turks " ( imprecisely named Muslim groups of North Africa and West Asia ) can be found in Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque art.

According to one theory, increasing military and cultural contacts with the Muslim world, as Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily in 1090, the Crusades which began in 1096 and the Islamic presence in Spain brought the knowledge of pointed arches to Medieval Europe.

Medieval Islamic physicians are considered founders of ophthalmology as an independent discipline.

Interesting developments in the artistic use of interlaced knot patterns are found in Byzantine architecture and book illumination, Coptic art, Celtic art, Islamic art, Medieval Russian book illumination, Ethiopian art, and European architecture and book illumination.

Gareth Hoskins was responsible for contemporary and architecture, Softroom, Islamic Middle East and the Members ' Room, McInnes Usher McKnight Architects ( MUMA ) were responsible for the new Cafe and designed the new Medieval and Renaissance galleries which opened in 2009.

It set the standards for medicine in Medieval Europe and the Islamic world, and is Avicenna's most renowned written work.

Category: Medieval Islamic travel writers

Medieval Islamic metalwork offers a complete contrast to its European equivalent, which is dominated by modelled figures and brightly coloured decoration in enamel, some pieces entirely in precious metals.

Aristotle's fame was not great during the Hellenistic period, when Stoic logic was in vogue, but later peripatetic commentators popularized his work ; it formed the basis of Islamic, Jewish, and Christian Medieval philosophy.

The spread of Christianity throughout the Roman world, followed by the spread of Islam, ushered in the end of Hellenistic philosophy and the beginnings of Medieval philosophy, which was dominated by the three Abrahamic traditions: Jewish philosophy, Christian philosophy, and early Islamic philosophy.

This practice was followed in the Jewish and Islamic calendars and in Medieval Western Europe in reckoning the dates of religious festivals.

Medieval Islamic writers believed that the name “ Samarra ” is derived from the Arabic phrase “ Sarra man ra ’ a ” (), which translates to “ A joy for all who see ”.

Medieval Islamic geographers gave descriptions of Arran in general, and of its towns, which included Barda, Beylagan, and Ganja, along with others.

** Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe

History and Archaeology of the Medieval Christian and Islamic Worlds

Isabella Stewart Gardner collected and carefully displayed a collection of more than 2, 500 objects — paintings, sculpture, furniture, textiles, architectural elements, drawings, silver, ceramics, illuminated manuscripts, rare books, photographs and letters — from ancient Rome, Medieval Europe, Renaissance Italy, Asia, the Islamic world, and 19th-century France and America.

" Studies in Medieval Islamic Technology: From Philo to Al-Jazari-from Alexandria to Diyar Bakr.

Medieval medicine was an evolving mixture of the scientific and the spiritual like Unani.

Upon completion of the degree, they will prepare and eventually sit for the state's Board of Education certification examination. In the universities of Medieval Europe, study was organised in four faculties: the basic faculty of arts, and the three higher faculties of theology, medicine and law ( canonical and civil ).

Astrology played an important part in Medieval medicine ; most educated physicians were trained in at least the basics of astrology to use in their practice.

Medieval medicine in Western Europe was composed of a mixture of existing ideas from antiquity, spiritual influences and what Claude Lévi-Strauss identifies as the " shamanistic complex " and " social consensus.

Medieval European medicine became more developed during the Renaissance of the 12th century, when many medical texts both on ancient Greek medicine and on Islamic medicine were translated from Arabic during the 12th century.

# REDIRECT Medieval medicine

* Medieval medicine

* Gordon, Benjamin Lee, Medieval and Renaissance medicine, Philosophical Library, 1959

* Medieval medicine

* Gordon, Benjamin Lee, Medieval and Renaissance medicine, Philosophical Library, 1959

Medical contributions made by Medieval Islam not only involved the development and expansion of the human anatomy, but also included the use of plants as a type of remedy or medicine.

Medieval Islam ’ s receptiveness to new ideas and heritages helped it make major advances in medicine during this time, adding to earlier medical ideas and techniques, expanding the development of the health sciences and corresponding institutions, and advancing medical knowledge in areas such as surgery and understanding of the human body, although many Western scholars have not fully acknowledged its influence ( independent of Roman and Greek influence ) on the development of medicine.

* Medieval medicine

About 1530 Medieval and Renaissance scholars associated Saturn with one of the Four Temperaments of ancient medicine, melancholy.

Galen's insistence on a rational systematic approach to medicine set the template for Islamic medicine, which rapidly spread throughout the Arab Empire.

The Islamic civilization rose to primacy in medical science as Muslim physicians contributed significantly to the field of medicine, including anatomy, ophthalmology, pharmacology, pharmacy, physiology, surgery, and the pharmaceutical sciences.

The translation of 129 works of ancient Greek physician Galen into Arabic by Hunayn ibn Ishaq and his assistants, and in particular Galen's insistence on a rational systematic approach to medicine, set the template for Islamic medicine, which rapidly spread throughout the Arab Empire.

Notable Islamic medical pioneers include the polymath, Avicenna, who, along with Imhotep and Hippocrates, has also been called the " father of medicine ".

Constantine the African examines patients ' urine ; he taught ancient Greek medicine and Islamic medicine at the Schola Medica Salernitana.

Gerbert also studied and taught Islamic medicine.

* c. 1080 – the Liber pantegni, a compendium of Hellenistic and Islamic medicine, is written in Italy by the Carthaginian Christian Constantine the African, paraphrasing translated passages from the Kitab al-malaki of Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi as well as other Arabic texts.

(), better known just as Ibn Rushd (), and in European literature as Averroes (; April 14, 1126 – December 10, 1198 ), was an Andalusian Muslim polymath ; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics and celestial mechanics.

Averroes's works were spread over 20, 000 pages covering a variety of different subjects, including early Islamic philosophy, logic in Islamic philosophy, Arabic medicine, Arabic mathematics, Arabic astronomy, Arabic grammar, Islamic theology, Sharia ( Islamic law ), and Fiqh ( Islamic jurisprudence ).

In particular, his most important works dealt with Islamic philosophy, medicine and Fiqh.

# REDIRECT Medicine in the medieval Islamic world # Early Islamic medicine

Jews were spread throughout the Islamic world and most Ayyubid cities had Jewish communities due to the important roles they played in trade, manufacture, finance, and medicine.

* Islamic medicine

The Greek documents were later translated to Arabic and medicine had then continued to undergo further study in the Islamic world.

During the Middle Ages, which correspond roughly to what is sometimes referred to as the Islamic Golden Age, scientists and other scholars made significant advances in science and medicine in the Muslim world and Eastern world, while their European counterparts also made important advances.