* Yehuda Halevi, prominent Medieval Spanish Jewish philosopher and poet

Medieval Ruthenian epic poems mention Ruthenian warriors fighting the Jewish Giant ( Богатырь Жидовин ).

Category: Medieval Jewish physicians of Spain

Category: Medieval Jewish physicians of Egypt

" In Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources, ed.

" In Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources, ed.

" In Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources, ed.

* Medieval Jewish expulsions from French territories

Dogma in Medieval Jewish Thought.

( Dogma in Medieval Jewish Thought, Menachem Kellner ).

* Kellner, Menachem Dogma in Medieval Jewish Thought Oxford University Press, 1986.

Medieval necromancy is believed to be a synthesis of astral magic derived from Arabic influences and exorcism derived from Christian and Jewish teachings.

Gersonides on Providence, Covenant, and the Chosen People: A Study in Medieval Jewish Philosophy and Biblical Commentary.

While the history of the term Judenrat itself is unclear, Jewish communities themselves had established councils for self-government as far back as the Medieval Era.

This illuminates the apparent intent to make the Jewish emancipation and assimilation invalid, and so return Jews to the status they held during the Medieval Era.

* Medieval Jewish Studies

* Richard I. Cohen, " The " Wandering Jew " from Medieval Legend to Modern Metaphor ," in Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett and Jonathan Karp ( eds ), The Art of Being Jewish in Modern Times ( Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007 ) ( Jewish Culture and Contexts ),

Medieval Jewish fiction often drew on ancient Jewish legends, and was written in a variety of languages including Hebrew and Judeo-Arabic.

For instance, Luria said that the Medieval Jewish victims of the centuries of Pogroms in the Christian World, were reincarnations of souls from the time of the Biblical first Temple, who had also followed idolatry.

* Resources > Medieval Jewish History > " Expulsion from Spain and The Anusim ", The Jewish History Resource Center, Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Similarly, it was commonly believed by Medieval people that other ancient figures like the poet Virgil, astronomer Ptolemy and philosopher Aristotle had been involved in magic, and grimoires claiming to have been written by them were circulated.

* William of Ockham, the Medieval philosopher

* Avicenna, one of the foremost physician and philosopher of Medieval Era ( c. 980-1037 ).

* Robert Grosseteste translates Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics from Greek into Latin, it marks the true start of the rediscovery of the philosopher by Medieval Europe.

Bernard Silvestris, also known as Bernardus Silvestris and Bernard Silvester, was a Medieval Platonist philosopher and poet of the 12th century.

Medieval Jewish philosopher Maimonides in his codification of Halakha cautioned judges to preserve the self-respect of people who came before them: " Let not human dignity be light in his eyes ; for the respect due to man supersedes a negative rabbinical command ".

From the Classical Period to the Medieval Period, the body and the soul were believed to be intimately connected, based on several theories put forth by the philosopher Plato.

" He prefers the scholastic philosophy of the Middle Ages, and the Early Medieval philosopher Boethius in particular.

He is commonly nicknamed dottor Sottile, ( which means " Doctor Subtilis ", the sobriquet of the Scottish Medieval philosopher John Duns Scotus, a reference to his political subtlety ).

* Bernard Silvestris, a Medieval Platonist philosopher and poet of the 12th century

( The elements, attributed to the philosopher Empedocles, determined the way of thinking in Medieval Europe.

Richard of Middleton ( Medieval Latin: Richardus de Mediavilla ) ( c. 1249 – 1302 ) was a member of the Franciscan Order, a theologian, and philosopher.

The Medieval rabbinic figure Maimonides ( Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon ), also known as the Rambam, wrote a commentary to tractate Sanhedrin stressing a relatively naturalistic interpretation of the Messiah and de-emphasizing miraculous elements.

Abulcasis, Averroes, Avenzoar, and Maimonides, active in the Medieval Muslim world, described a number of medical problems related to the brain.

Medieval, rationalist Jewish philosophers ( exponents of " Hakirah "- rational " investigation " from first principles in support of Judaism ), such as Maimonides, describe Biblical Monotheism to mean that there is only one God, and His essence is a unique, simple, infinite Unity.

* Alfred Ivry Providence, Divine Omniscience and Possibility: The Case of Maimonides in " Divine Omniscience and Omnipotence in Medieval Philosophy " Ed.

For instance, plate armour first appeared in Medieval Europe when water-powered trip hammers made the formation of plates faster and cheaper.

It is through Boethius that much of the thought of the Classical period was made available to the Western Medieval world.

Archaeologists say the artifact is a 1st century Middle Eastern stone vessel, possibly from Antioch, Syria ( now Turkey ); its history can be traced to the 11th century, and it now rests atop an ornate stem and base, made in the Medieval era of alabaster, gold, and gemstones.

In the icons of Eastern Orthodoxy, and of the Early Medieval West, very little room is made for artistic license.

Although references are made referring to Slavs in Macedonia being identified as Bulgarians, some scholars suggest that ethnicity in Medieval times was more fluid than what we see it to be today, an understanding derived from nineteenth century nationalistic ideals of a homogeneous nation-state.

During the period, secular music had an increasing distribution, with a wide variety of forms, but one must be cautious about assuming an explosion in variety: since printing made music more widely available, much more has survived from this era than from the preceding Medieval era, and probably a rich store of popular music of the late Middle Ages is irretrievably lost.

The original senate was the Roman Senate, which lasted until 580 ( various efforts to revive it were made in Medieval Rome ).

The power and prestige that Offa attained made him one of the most significant rulers in the Early Medieval British Isles, though no contemporary biography of him survives.

Medieval broadheads could be made from steel, sometimes with hardened edges.

* Medieval Pilgrims ' Clothing Illustrations of 13th-16th century pilgrims, and links to photos of 16th century clothing made for pilgrimage

* In the Medieval epic poem The Faerie Queene, Sir Artagel's sword is made of Adamant.

Although a similar observation was made by Aristotle and was known to Greek and Medieval logicians ( in the 14th century, William of Ockham wrote down the words that would result by reading the laws out ), De Morgan is given credit for stating the laws formally and incorporating them in to the language of logic.

However, there were cases in Medieval Europe where a city which grew to prominence and transferred to its cathedral the remains of a famous saint who had lived and was buried elsewhere, and made him or her the city's patron saint – such a practice conferring considerable prestige on the city concerned.

The mutation of the name Noviomagus to Noyon is made clearer in Medieval Latin documents, where the town is then called Noviomum.

Medieval antiquarians sometimes made collections of inscriptions or records of monuments, but the Varro-inspired concept of antiquitates among the Romans as the " systematic collections of all the relics of the past " faded.

The bridge, made of sandstone and originally of Medieval construction, is said to be haunted.

Medieval monks raised the plants and when coffee was introduced to Europe, the Dutch thought that chicory made a lively addition to the bean drink.

Halloumi cheese originated in Cyprus and was initially made during the Medieval Byzantine period ( AD 395 – 1191 ), subsequently gaining popularity throughout the Middle East region.

The main types used during the Post Medieval period are the Hessian Crucibles which were made in the Hesse region in Germany.

The refining of methods during the Medieval and Post Medieval periods led to the invention of the cupel which resembles a small egg cup, made of ceramic or bone ash which was used to separate base metals from noble metals.

Cupellation started long before the Post Medieval period, however the first vessels made to carry out this process started in the 16th Century ( Rehren 2003: p208 ).

Outside Medieval Europe, great advances were being made in shipbuilding.

The finger is similar to a gesture made by knights in the Medieval Era, in which they raised their lances upright towards each other.