Xiongnu, Tujue, Avars, Kipchaks, Mongols, Don Cossacks and the various Turkic peoples are also examples of the horse-mounted groups that managed to gain substantial successes in military conflicts with settled agrarian and urban societies, due to their strategic and tactical mobility.

Mongols ( Mongolian: ), Mongolchuud ) are a Central-North Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in China.

Owing to wars and migrations, Mongols are also found in some Central Asian states such as Kazakhstan.

Ethnic Mongols are bound together by a common language and culture.

There are approximately 10 million ethnic Mongols in total.

Present-day Khalkha Mongols and Inner Mongolians are the most prominent of the remaining Eastern Mongols while the Kalmyks ( formerly Oirats ) in Europe are the main descendants of the Western Mongols.

Today, a sizable proportion of Mongols are atheist or agnostic.

The Tumed, Chahar, Ordos, Bargut ( or Barga ), Altai Uriankhai, Buryats, Dörböd ( Dörvöd, Dörbed ), Torguud, Dariganga, Üzemchin ( or Üzümchin ), Bayid, Khoton, Myangad ( Mingad ), Eljigin ( Eljigin ), Zakhchin ( Zakchin ), Darkhad, and Oirats ( or Öölds or Ölöts ) are all counted as tribes of the Mongols.

The Tuva and the Altay people are culturally close to Mongols, but speak Turkic languages.

The first recorded inhabitants of the area are some 50, 000 people seeking refuge in Macau from invading Mongols in 1277, during the Southern Song Dynasty.

In Jûzjânî, there are several episodes in which the Mongols constructed hundreds of siege machines in order to surpass the number which the defending city possessed.

When said biases are accounted, the original hypothesis — an ordering in skull volume ranging from Blacks to Mongols to Whites — is unsupported by the data.

These include the Loplik people and the Dolan people, who are thought to be closer to the Oirat Mongols and the Kyrgyz.

* The Mongols first invade the Abbasid Caliphate ; Bukhara and Samarkand are taken.

* 1260 – September 3 – The Mongols are defeated by the Mamluks at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine, marking the first decisive defeat of the Mongols and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire.

* November 20 – Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty attempts the first of several invasions of Japan ( 30, 000 soldiers and support personnel sails from Korea ); after the Mongols capture outlying islands, they are repulsed on the main island at the Battle of Bun ' ei by amassed Japanese warriors and a strong storm which batters their forces and fleet.

* Only 4 of 58 districts in Sichuan, China, are captured from the Southern Song by the Mongols under Ögedei.

Via contacts with Turkic peoples like the Uyghurs, this Sogdian name came to the Mongols, who still name this deity Qormusta Tengri ; Qormusta ( or Qormusda ) is now a popular enough deity to appear in many contexts that are not explicitly Buddhist.

These were predominantly Oghuz — Turkic speaking people rather than Mongols.

Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup Y is otherwise found mainly among Nivkhs, and with lower frequency among Tungusic peoples, Koreans, Mongols ( including Kalmyks and Buryats ), Chinese, Japanese, Central Asians, South Siberian Turkic peoples ( e. g. Tuvans, Todjins, Soyots ), Koryaks, Alyutors, Itelmens, Taiwanese aborigines, Filipinos, Indonesians, and Malaysians.

Andrew's report to his sovereign, whom he rejoined in 1251 at Caesarea in the Palestine, appears to have been a mixture of history and fable ; the latter affects his narrative of the Mongols ' rise to greatness, and the struggles of their leader Genghis Khan with Prester John ; it is still more evident in the position assigned to the Mongols ' homeland, close to the prison of Gog and Magog.

* 1294 – Temür, grandson of Kublai, is elected Khagan of the Mongols and Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty with the reigning titles Oljeitu and Chengzong.

After the success of " Dağlar Dağlar ", Manço recorded a couple of singles with Moğollar ( The Mongols ), another influential Turkish Anatolian rock band.

Al-Hassan claims that in the Battle of Ain Jalut of 1260, the Mamluks used against the Mongols in " the first cannon in history " gunpowder formula with near-identical ideal composition ratios for explosive gunpowder.

Khan claims that it was invading Mongols who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world and cites Mamluk antagonism towards early musketeers in their infantry as an example of how gunpowder weapons were not always met with open acceptance in the Middle East.

The Mongols dispensed with the ban of beef during the 13th century, and they promoted the production of beef cattle.

He also made truces with the Ayyubids in Syria, and sent embassies to negotiate with the Mongols, who were beginning to threaten the Muslim world.

In 1300, there was some attempt to engage in coordinated military efforts with the Mongols via a new invasion force at Arwad.

In various times Mongols have been equated with the Scythians, the Magog and the Turkic peoples.

With the breakup of the Empire, the dispersed Mongols quickly adopted the mostly Turkic cultures surrounding them and were assimilated, forming parts of Tatars ( not confused with a tribe in ancient Mongolia ), Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Yugurs and Moghuls ; linguistic and cultural Persianization also began to be prominent in these territories.

In terms of physical characteristics, Mongols exhibit a variety of features, with typical Mongoloid features being most noticeable.

Mongolian folds of the eyelids exist on almost all Mongols along with relatively high and pronounced cheekbones.

Some of the Mongols today who exhibit some slight Caucasoid features most likely stem from historical intermixing with ancient Central Asian and Siberian Europoids, as opposed to recent intermixing with Slavics and other Europeans.

Mongols distinguish Gobi from desert proper, although the distinction is not always apparent to outsiders unfamiliar with the Mongolian landscape.

He worked with several bands: Meteorlar ( Meteors ) ( 1966-1967 ), Silüetler ( Shadows ) ( 1967 ), Moğollar ( Mongols ) ( 1967-1972 ), Barış Manço and Kurtalan Ekspres ( Express ) ( 1973-1974 ), Edip Akbayram and Dostlar ( Friends ) ( 1974 ) and Cem Karaca and Dervişan ( Dervishes ) ( 1975-1976 ).

By 1241, having conquered large parts of Russia, the Mongols continued the invasion of Europe with a massive three-pronged advance, following the fleeing Cumans, who had established an uncertain alliance with King Bela IV of Hungary.

Although Clement's successors continued to engage in diplomatic contacts with the Mongols for the rest of the century, they were never able to coordinate an actual alliance.

The Mongol Ilkhanate leader Abaqa sent a delegation with over a dozen members to the 1274 Council of Lyon, where plans were made for possible military cooperation between the Mongols and the Europeans.

The vast majority of Mongols have black hair and brown eyes, although a certain number of Mongols, particularly the Oirat tribe in western Mongolia tend to exhibit lighter features such as fair skin, blue or green eyes, varying shades of brown hair, and sometimes even red or blonde hair.

Observers have noted the irony of Neo-Nazi Mongols, because Nazi Germany killed Soviet prisoners of war, including soldiers with Mongoloid features.

There is a controversy whether the Tanolis are Pashtun Afghans or Barlas Turks, because sometimes they are acknowledged as a Barlas Turkic tribe related to the Mongols, who are Pashtunified to an extent and have assimilated many Pashtun cultural features.