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Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup Y is otherwise found mainly among Nivkhs, and with lower frequency among Tungusic peoples, Koreans, Mongols ( including Kalmyks and Buryats ), Chinese, Japanese, Central Asians, South Siberian Turkic peoples ( e. g. Tuvans, Todjins, Soyots ), Koryaks, Alyutors, Itelmens, Taiwanese aborigines, Filipinos, Indonesians, and Malaysians.
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Mitochondrial and DNA
:* Mitochondrial – loci are situated on the mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial DNA sequences support the theory that these are recently diverged separate species.
Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA evidence suggests the split between Eudyptula and Spheniscus occurred around 25 million years ago, with the ancestors of the White-flippered and Little Penguins diverging about 2. 7 million years ago.
Mitochondrial DNA.
Mitochondrial DNA haplotype comparisons suggest that it diverged from the other Ostriches not quite four mya due to formation of the East African Rift.
" Mitochondrial DNA analysis implying extensive hybridization of the endangered red wolf Canis rufus ".
" Mitochondrial DNA variability of the grey wolf-genetic consequences of population decline and habitat fragmentation ".
Mitochondrial DNA extracted from eastern North American wolves killed in the 1800s is not of gray wolf origin.
* Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeny in Eastern and Western Slavs, B. Malyarchuk, T. Grzybowski, M. Derenko, M. Perkova, T. Vanecek, J. Lazur, P. Gomolcaknd I. Tsybovsky, Oxford Journals
Mitochondrial DNA variation from Madagascar to Easter islands "
Mitochondrial DNA provides evidence of restricted gene flow between different colonies, strongly suggesting philopatry.
Mitochondrial DNA has been extracted from two Scytho-Siberian skeletons found in the Altai Republic ( Russia ).
Mitochondrial DNA sequences in 2009 have identified five distinct California sea lion populations: the US or Pacific Temperate stock, the Western Baja California or Pacific Tropical stock, and the Southern, Central, and Northern Gulf of California stocks.
Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA evidence suggests the genus split from other penguins around 38 million years ago, about 2 million years after the ancestors of the genus Aptenodytes.
Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) and Y-chromosome DNA are commonly used to trace ancestry in this manner.
This leads to the construction of a DNA family tree where the branches are in biological terms clades, and the common ancestors such as Mitochondrial Eve sit at branching points in this tree.
The variation of mitochondrial DNA between different people can be used to estimate the time back to a common ancestor, such as Mitochondrial Eve.
Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA or mDNA ) is the DNA located in organelles called mitochondria, structures within eukaryotic cells that convert the chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ).
Mitochondrial DNA can be regarded as the smallest chromosome.
Mitochondrial DNA was discovered in the 1960s by Margit M. K. Nass and Sylvan Nass by electron microscopy as DNase-sensitive thread inside mitochondria, and by Ellen Haslbrunner, Hans Tuppy and Gottfried Schatz by biochemical assays on highly purified mitochondrial fractions.
* Mitochondrial DNA ( journal )
( 1998 ) " Mitochondrial DNA analysis of northwest African populations reveals genetic exchanges with European, near-eastern, and sub-Saharan populations ".
Mitochondrial and haplogroup
Mitochondrial Eve's haplogroup was within mitochondrial haplogroup L because this macro-haplogroup contains all surviving human mitochondrial lineages today, and she must predate the emergence of L0.
Mitochondrial DNA studies also showed evidence that the San people carry high frequencies of the earliest haplogroup branches in the human mitochondrial DNA tree.
Mitochondrial and is
MAC, also called " Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Permeabilization Pore " is regulated by various proteins, such as those encoded by the mammalian Bcl-2 family of anti-apoptopic genes, the homologs of the ced-9 gene found in C. elegans.
Mitochondrial ATP production is also vital for cell division in addition to other basic functions in the cell including the regulation of cell volume, solute concentration, and cellular architecture.
While earliest known fossils of anatomically modern humans date from around 195, 000 years ago, the matrilinear most recent common ancestor shared by all living humans ( dubbed Mitochondrial Eve ), is dated to about 120-150 thousand years ago.
Mitochondrial Eve ( mt-mrca ) is the name given by researchers to the woman who, by matrilineal reckoning, is the most recent common ancestor ( mrca ) for all living humans.
The time she lived is calculated scientifically, based on the molecular clock technique of correlating elapsed time with observed genetic drift, see Mitochondrial Eve.
Mitochondrial Eve is the female counterpart of Y-chromosomal Adam, the patrilineal most recent common ancestor, although they lived thousands of years apart.
Mitochondrial Eve is estimated to have lived around 200, 000 years ago, most likely in East Africa, when Homo sapiens sapiens ( anatomically modern humans ) were developing as a population distinct from other human sub-species.
The mitochondrial clade which Mitochondrial Eve defines is the species Homo sapiens sapiens itself, or at least the current population or " chronospecies " as it exists today.
Mitochondrial Eve is the most recent common matrilineal ancestor for all modern humans.
The date when Mitochondrial Eve lived is estimated by determining the MRCA of a sample of mtDNA lineages.
Mitochondrial Eve is the most recent common matrilineal ancestor, not the most recent common ancestor ( MRCA ).
This is far more recent than Mitochondrial Eve.
*" Y-chromosomal Adam ", the most recent male-line common ancestor of all living men, was much more recent than Mitochondrial Eve, but is also likely to have been long before the Identical ancestors point.
Mitochondrial Eve is named after mitochondria and the Biblical Eve.
* In River Out of Eden, Richard Dawkins discusses human ancestry in the context of a river of genes and shows that Mitochondrial Eve is one of the many common ancestors we can trace back to via different gene pathways.
* Krishna Kunchithapadam, " What, if anything, is a Mitochondrial Eve?
The concept of the Mitochondrial Eve is based on the same type of analysis, attempting to discover the origin of humanity by tracking the lineage back in time.
Mitochondrial DNA is inherited almost exclusively through the female line ; all children inherit it only from their mothers.
Mitochondrial hexokinase is highly elevated in rapidly-growing malignant tumor cells, with levels up to 200 times higher than normal tissues.
Mitochondrial DNA, however, is strictly inherited from the mother and each mitochondrial organelle typically contains multiple mtDNA copies ( see Heteroplasmy ).
Mitochondrial disease may become clinically apparent once the number of affected mitochondria reaches a certain level ; this phenomenon is called " threshold expression ".
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