In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia ( a smaller number of Mongols can also be found in Xinjiang in northwest China ).

A definition includes the Mongols proper, who can be approximately divided into the eastern Mongols ( the Khalkha Mongols, the Inner Mongolians, the Buryats ), and the Oirats.

Present-day Khalkha Mongols and Inner Mongolians are the most prominent of the remaining Eastern Mongols while the Kalmyks ( formerly Oirats ) in Europe are the main descendants of the Western Mongols.

The Qing Dynasty started colonizing Manchuria with Han Chinese later on in the dynasty's rule, but the Manchu area was still separated from modern-day Inner Mongolia by the Outer Willow Palisade, which kept the Manchu and the Mongols in the area separate.

Tibetan Buddhism exerted a strong influence from the 11th century AD among the peoples of Inner Asia, especially the Mongols.

* November 11 – The Jindandao Incident breaks out in the Juu Uda League, Inner Mongolia, massacred tens of thousands of Mongols before being suppressed by government troops in late December.

Before the rise of the Mongols in the 13th century, what is now central and western Inner Mongolia, especially the Hetao region, alternated in control between Chinese agriculturalists in the south and Xiongnu, Xianbei, Khitan, Jurchen, Tujue, and other Mongol nomads of the north.

Thus from then on until 1635, Inner Mongolia was the political and cultural center of the Mongols during the Northern Yuan Dynasty.

Although almost all banners of Inner Mongolia recognized the Bogd Khan as the supreme ruler of Mongols, the internal strife within the region prevented a full reunification.

Despite a considerable movement among Inner Mongolia's Mongols ( who comprised then around 15 % of Inner Mongolia's population, while Han Chinese around 83 %) for unification with Outer Mongolia, Inner Mongolia remained part of China.

" Mongolia located in the north ( of the Gobi )") is sometimes used in Mongolian ( or Chinese ) language to refer to Outer Mongolia when making a distinction with Inner Mongolia, so as to elide the history of Qing rule and rather imply a geographic unity or distinction of regions inhabited by Mongols in the Mongolian Plateau.

He arrived in Hohhot, the capital of Inner Mongolia, and found the Mongols in a rebellious mood because of a corrupt military Governor who was colonizing Mongol pasture lands with Han Chinese farmers.

The Mongols of the West, Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, Volume 148, Larry Moses, Editor, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1985.

After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty in 1368, the Oirats emerged as a formidable foe against the Eastern Mongols, the Ming Chinese and their successor, the Manchu who founded the Qing Dynasty, in a nearly 400-year military struggle for domination and control over both Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia.

In 1552, after the Oirats once again challenged the Eastern Mongols, Altan Khan swept up from Inner Mongolia with Tümed and Ordos cavalry units, pushing elements of various Oirat tribes from Karakorum to the Kobdo region in northwest Mongolia, reuniting most of Mongolia in the process ( Grousset, 1970: 510 ).

Smaller caravans owned by Mongols of the Alashan ( the westernmost Inner Mongolia ) and manned by Han Chinese from Zhenfan, were able to make longer marches ( and, thus, cover longer distances faster ) than the typical Han Chinese or Hui caravans, because the Mongols were able to always use " fresh " camels ( picked from their large herd for just a single journey ), every man was provided with a camel to ride, and loads were much lighter than in the " standard " caravans ( rarely exceeding.

The legacy of Genghis Khan has been contested between China, Mongolia, and Russia, all three states having significant numbers of ethnic Mongols within their borders, and holding territory that was conquered by Khan.

The contiguous territories inhabited by ethnic Mongols is also known as Greater Mongolia.

After the Khitans left Mongolia the Shiwei Mongols rose to prominence, when from the 1130s there were reciprocally hostile relations between the successive khans of the Khamag Mongol confederation ( Khaidu, Khabul Khan and Ambaghai Khan ) and the emperors of the Jin dynasty.

Mongols simultaneously became Padishahs of Persia, Emperors of China, Great Khans of Mongolia and one Mongol even became Sultan of Egypt ( Al-Adil Kitbugha ).

With the breakup of the Empire, the dispersed Mongols quickly adopted the mostly Turkic cultures surrounding them and were assimilated, forming parts of Tatars ( not confused with a tribe in ancient Mongolia ), Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Yugurs and Moghuls ; linguistic and cultural Persianization also began to be prominent in these territories.

However, most of the Mongols returned to Mongolia, retaining their language and culture.

The vast majority of Mongols have black hair and brown eyes, although a certain number of Mongols, particularly the Oirat tribe in western Mongolia tend to exhibit lighter features such as fair skin, blue or green eyes, varying shades of brown hair, and sometimes even red or blonde hair.

This map shows the boundary of 13th century Mongol Empire and location of today's Mongols in modern Mongolia, Russia, Central Asia n States and People's Republic of China | China.

The population of modern Mongolia consists of 94. 9 % Mongols, numbering approximately 2. 8 million.

Soon after the Tumu incident in 1449, when the Oirat ruler Esen Taishi captured the Chinese emperor, Mongols flooded south from Northern Mongolia to Southern Mongolia.

It included the four leagues ( aimag ) of the Khalkha Mongols north of the Gobi, as well as the Tannu Uriankhai and Khovd regions in northwestern Mongolia, which were overseen by the General of Uliastai from the city of Uliastai.

*" Urga or Da Khuree " from A. M. Pozdneyev's Mongolia and the Mongols

His strategy was to force the Mongols into economic dependence on the Chinese and to launch periodic initiatives into Mongolia to cripple their offensive power.

Historical accounts from medieval Europe detail the use of infected animal carcasses, by Mongols, Turks and other groups, to infect enemy water supplies.

Scholars such as Frederick W. Mote argue that the wide drop in numbers reflects an administrative failure to record rather than an actual decrease ; others such as Timothy Brook argue that the Mongols created a system of enserfment among a huge portion of the Chinese populace, causing many to disappear from the census altogether ; other historians like William McNeill and David Morgan argue that the Bubonic Plague was the main factor behind the demographic decline during this period.

During the late 13th century and first half of the 14th century, Chinese under the Mongol-controlled Yuan Dynasty were not allowed to enter higher posts of government ( reserved for Mongols or other ethnic groups from Central Asia ), and the Imperial examination was ceased for the time being.

In 1237 – 1238 the Mongols burnt down the city of Vladimir ( 4 February 1238 ) and other major cities of northeast Russia, routed the Russians at the Sit ' River, and then moved west into Poland and Hungary.

Tibetans and Mongols refused to allow other ethnic groups like Kazakhs to participate in the Kokonur ceremony in Qinghai, until the Kuomintang Muslim General Ma Bufang forced them to stop the racism and allowed them to particapate.

Some of the Mongols today who exhibit some slight Caucasoid features most likely stem from historical intermixing with ancient Central Asian and Siberian Europoids, as opposed to recent intermixing with Slavics and other Europeans.

Innocent IV would also send other missions to the Mongols in 1245: the mission of André de Longjumeau, the possibly aborted mission of Laurent de Portugal, and the mission of Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, which left on 16 April 1245 and would reach the Mongol capital Karakorum.

It emerged in the 1720s under the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor as a body charged with handling Qing military campaigns against the Dzungar Mongols, but it soon took over other military and administrative duties and served to centralize authority under the crown.

* Early summer – A succession crises or other priorities results in the Mongols withdrawing behind their river barrier into the Ukraine and the Russia's, leaving Central Asian and far Eastern Europe peoples tributary to the Khanates, but leaving Poland and Hungary to begin recovery and reorganization.

* Pope Innocent IV sends Giovanni da Pian del Carpine to the Mongol court, suggesting ( amongst other things ) that the Mongols convert to Christianity.

While the Mongols often raided other areas of Rus, they tended to respect the lands controlled by their principal collaborator.

Variations of morganatic marriage were also practised by non-European dynasties, such as the Royal Family of Thailand, the polygamous Mongols as to their non-principal wives, and other families of Africa and Asia.

Buryats share many customs with other Mongols, including nomadic herding, and erecting gers for shelter.

The Mongols also employed other gruesome terror tactics to weaken the will to resist.

Ivan Kalita intentionally pursued the policy of relocation of people to his principality by an invitation of people from other places and by purchase of Russian people captured by Mongols during their raids.

In 1636, Nurhaci's son Hong Taiji, reorganized the Manchus, including those other groups ( such as Hans and Mongols ) who had joined them, changed the nation's name to Qing Empire, and formally changed the name of the ethnic designation to Manchu, outlawing use of the name Jurchen.

There were only a few periods in Chinese history when China fought total wars against foreigners ( most notably the Mongols, Manchus, and Japanese ), whereas all other conflicts were mainly civil wars that led to dynastic changes.

The Mongols never again seriously looked westward for conquest, only raiding for loot, and even then they were not able to commit the bulk of their forces, which had to guard against other Mongols.

The broader delimitation of Mongolian may be based on mutual intelligibility, but an analysis based on a tree diagram such as the one above faces other problems due to the close contacts between e. g. Buryat and Khalkha Mongols during history thus creating or preserving a dialect continuum.

This controversy spread to his generals and other associates, and some Mongols who had previously been allies with him broke their allegiance.

He was duly elected at a ceremony attended by Mongols and foreign dignitaries from both within and without the empire — leaders of vassal nations, and representatives from Rome and other entities, who came to the kurultai to show their respects and negotiate diplomacy.