That some atheists, such as Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, were not included was due to the general ( Tridentine ) rule that heretical works ( i. e., works that contradict Catholic dogma ) are ipso facto forbidden.

Evola's systematic and detailed references to ancient and modern texts make it difficult to speak about influences, though affinities could exist between Evola and Plato, Oswald Spengler, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Arthur de Gobineau, Friedrich Nietzsche, Meister Eckhart, Homer, Jacob Boehme, René Guénon and certain Catholic thinkers like Juan Donoso Cortés and Joseph de Maistre.

" Nietzsche criticized the " strong races of northern Europe " for accepting the Christian God and not creating a new god of their own.

In the 19th century, Nietzsche began to write a series of attacks on the " unnatural " teachings of Christianity ( e. g. avoidance of temptations ), and continued anti-Christian attacks to the end of his life.

Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche suggested that egoistic or " life-affirming " behavior stimulates jealousy or " ressentiment " in others, and that this is the psychological motive for the altruism in Christianity.

Early German use of the term judenchristlich (" Jewish-Christian "), in a decidedly negative sense, can be found in the late writings of Friedrich Nietzsche, who emphasized what he saw as neglected aspects of continuity between the Jewish world view and that of Christianity.

Nietzsche asserts that with the decline of Christianity and the rise of physiological decadence, nihilism is in fact characteristic of the modern age, though he implies that the rise of nihilism is still incomplete and that it has yet to be overcome.

Nietzsche discusses Christianity, one of the major topics in his work, at length in the context of the problem of nihilism in his notebooks, in a chapter entitled ' European Nihilism '.

It is therefore that Nietzsche states that we have outgrown Christianity " not because we lived too far from it, rather because we lived too close.

Because Christianity was an interpretation that posited itself as the interpretation, Nietzsche states that this dissolution leads beyond skepticism to a distrust of all meaning.

Nietzsche describes the morality of the ascetic priest as characterized by Christianity as one where, finding oneself in pain or despair and desiring to perish from it, the will to live causes one to place oneself in a state of hibernation and denial of the material world in order to minimize that pain and thus preserve life, a technique which Nietzsche locates at the very origin of secular science as well as of religion.

This arrangement stands in marked contrast to some recent philosophy in the West, which has traditionally enforced either a completely unified philosophic / religious belief system ( for example, the various sects and associated philosophies of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam ), or a sharp and total repudiation of some forms of religion by philosophy ( for example, Nietzsche, Marx, Voltaire, etc.

His criticism is reminiscent of Friedrich Nietzsche who would denounce Christianity on many of the same grounds eighty years later.

There are frequent comparisons between Buddhism and the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, who praised Buddhism in his 1895 work The Anti-Christ, calling it " a hundred times more realistic than Christianity ".

In his last book of philosophy, Der Antichrist, Friedrich Nietzsche discussed the inseparable relationship between Christianity and anarchism:

Having provided throughout his career an idealistic way of grasping the Will, in contrast to Schopenhauer ’ s pessimistic treatment, it remained for Royce to rescue Pauline Christianity, in its universalized and modernized form, from the critique of Nietzsche and others who tended to understand will in terms of power and who had rightly observed that the historic doctrine was no longer believable to the modern mind.

Benoist considers himself, however, neither left nor right-wing, and has recently tried to appear less radical: in his preference for Martin Heidegger over his first influence, Friedrich Nietzsche ; his support of multiculturalism rather than disappearance of immigrants ' identities ( though he does not support immigration itself ); his interest in ecology ; and a less aggressive view of Christianity.

With the decline of antiquity and the spread of Christianity, the concept fell into disuse in the western world, though Friedrich Nietzsche resurrected it as a thought experiment to argue for amor fati.

Here Nietzsche attacks religious worship, asserting that " Christianity wants to destroy, shatter, stun, intoxicate.

Christianity, as a religion of peace, is despised by Nietzsche.

Although he considered both Christianity and Buddhism to be nihilistic, decadent religions, Nietzsche did consider Buddhism more realistic because it posed objective problems and did not use the concept of God.

" Buddhism had its roots in higher and also learned classes of people, whereas Christianity was the religion of the lowest classes, Nietzsche wrote.

Christianity then negated the Jewish church and its holy, chosen people, according to Nietzsche.

Nietzsche saw a world – historical irony in the way that the Christian Church developed in antithetical opposition to the Evangel and the Gospel of early Christianity.

" According to Nietzsche, " In Christianity, as the art of holy lying, the whole of Judaism ... attains its ultimate perfection.

Nietzsche alleged that "... one is not ' converted ' to Christianity — one must be sufficiently sick for it.

The fin-de-siècle outlook was influenced by various intellectual developments, including Darwinian biology ; Wagnerian aesthetics ; Arthur de Gobineau's racialism ; Gustave Le Bon's psychology ; and the philosophies of Friedrich Nietzsche, Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Henri Bergson.

John Beverley Robinson wrote an essay called " Egoism " in which he states that " Modern egoism, as propounded by Stirner and Nietzsche, and expounded by Ibsen, Shaw and others, is all these ; but it is more.

* G. W. F. Hegel: Emphasized the " cunning " of history, arguing that it followed a rational trajectory, even while embodying seemingly irrational forces ; influenced Marx, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Oakeshott.

A group of radical socialist Australians in the 1890s voluntarily went to create a failed master-planned community, known as Nueva ( New ) Australia ; and Elisabeth Nietzsche, a German racial ideologist and sister of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche came to Paraguay in her attempt to build a colony, Nueva Germania ( Neues Deutschland ) devoted to a hypothetical pure white " Nordic " society in the 1890s.

* Hegel, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 1982 ; reissued as Hegel: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2001 ; also included in full in German Philosophers: Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997

Förster-Nietzsche introduced Steiner into the presence of the catatonic philosopher ; Steiner, deeply moved, subsequently wrote the book Friedrich Nietzsche, Fighter for Freedom.

After the burning of the Tuileries Palace on May 23, 1871, Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche himself meditated about the " fight against culture ", wondering what could justify culture if it were to be destroyed in such a " senseless " manner ( the arguments are: culture is justified by works of art and scientific achievements ; exploitation is necessary to those achievements, leading to the creation of exploited people who then fight against culture.

According to Friedrich Nietzsche, a German philologist and philosopher, and Constantine Paparrigopoulos, a major Greek historian, Demosthenes was a student of Isocrates ; according to Cicero, Quintillian and the Roman biographer Hermippus, he was a student of Plato.

Crucial readings in his adolescence were Rousseau's Reveries of a Solitary Walker and Confessions, André Gide's journal, La porte étroite, Les nourritures terrestres and The Immoralist ; and the works of Friedrich Nietzsche.

The impact of these lifestyle choices upon his developing artistic style is open to conjecture, although these choices do seem to be more than simple teenage rebellion, or the cliched hedonism and bohemianism that was almost expected of artists of the time ; his pursuit of the seedier side of life appears to have roots in his appreciation of radical philosophies, including those of Nietzsche.

" Another champion of the work was Friedrich Nietzsche, who claimed to know it by heart ; " It is music that makes no pretensions to depth, but it is delightful in its simplicity, so unaffected and sincere ".

However, Nietzsche never developed the concept on racial grounds ; the philosopher was no racist ( nor an anti-semite ).

* Séquence for voice, percussion and chamber ensemble ( 1950 – 55 ) ( text by Nietzsche ; incorporates material from the Trois Mélodies )

Thus Spoke Zarathustra was conceived while Nietzsche was writing The Gay Science ; he made a small note, reading " 6, 000 feet beyond man and time ," as evidence of this.

More specifically, this note related to the concept of the eternal recurrence, which is, by Nietzsche's admission, the central idea of Zarathustra ; this idea occurred to him by a " pyramidal block of stone " on the shores of Lake Silvaplana in the Upper Engadine, a high alpine region whose valley floor is at 6, 000 ft. Nietzsche planned to write the book in three parts over several years.

Although Part Three was originally planned to be the end of the book, and ends with a strong climax, Nietzsche subsequently decided to write an additional three parts ; ultimately, however, he composed only the fourth part, which is viewed to constitute an intermezzo.

Nietzsche commented in Ecce Homo that for the completion of each part: " Ten days sufficed ; in no case, neither for the first nor for the third and last, did I require more " ( trans.

The fourth part remained private after Nietzsche wrote it in 1885 ; a scant forty copies were all that were printed, apart from seven others that were distributed to Nietzsche's close friends.

Kaufmann's introduction to his own translation included a blistering critique of Common's version ; he notes that in one instance, Common has taken the German " most evil " and rendered it " baddest ", a particularly unfortunate error not merely for his having coined the term " baddest ", but also because Nietzsche dedicated a third of The Genealogy of Morals to the difference between " bad " and " evil ".

* Thus Spoke Zarathustra, translated by Walter Kaufmann, New York: Random House ; reprinted in The Portable Nietzsche, New York: The Viking Press, 1954 and Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1976