In his Nihilism as Determined by the History of Being ( 1944 – 46 ), Heidegger tries to understand Nietzsche ’ s nihilism as trying to achieve a victory through the devaluation of the, until then, highest values.

After the burning of the Tuileries Palace on May 23, 1871, Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche himself meditated about the " fight against culture ", wondering what could justify culture if it were to be destroyed in such a " senseless " manner ( the arguments are: culture is justified by works of art and scientific achievements ; exploitation is necessary to those achievements, leading to the creation of exploited people who then fight against culture.

He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1930 to 1933, during which time he fell under the influence both of the poet A. E. Housman, then Professor of Latin at the university, and of the writings of the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.

Owing to Wagner's relationship with the then unknown philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, the first Bayreuth festival is cited as a key turning point in Nietzsche's philosophical development.

The issue, then, or so Nietzsche thought, is how to experience and understand the Dionysian side of life without destroying the obvious values of the Apollonian side.

For a time, Nietzsche, then a professor of classical philology at the University of Basel, had no students in his field.

Present at this unique musical event were Kaiser Wilhelm, Dom Pedro II of Brazil, King Ludwig ( who attended in secret, probably to avoid the Kaiser ), and other members of the nobility, as well as the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche who committed much effort to helping his then good friend Wagner establish the festival, and such accomplished composers as Anton Bruckner, Edvard Grieg, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, and Franz Liszt.

Kant then became the philosopher for me and has remained so ... Nietzsche gained importance for me only late as the magnificent revelation of nihilism and the task of overcoming it.

Christianity then negated the Jewish church and its holy, chosen people, according to Nietzsche.

Jeeves, no longer in Bertie's employ, then gives the true reason why he mailed the parcel: he did not believe Florence and Bertie were suitable for each other, she being of a highly arbitrary temperament, and inclined to make him read Nietzsche.

Nietzsche asserts that with the decline of Christianity and the rise of physiological decadence, nihilism is in fact characteristic of the modern age, though he implies that the rise of nihilism is still incomplete and that it has yet to be overcome.

Nietzsche appears to espouse a strong brand of scientific anti-realism when he asserts that " It is we alone who have fabricated causes, succession, reciprocity, relativity, compulsion, number, law, freedom, motive, purpose " (§ 21 ).

Nietzsche asserts that what made people great was not the content of their beliefs, but the act of valuing.

Nietzsche makes his only reference in his published works to Boscovich in Beyond Good and Evil where he declares war on " soul-atomism "§ Boscovich had rejected the idea of " materialistic atomism " which Nietzsche calls " one of the best refuted theories there are.

Nietzsche discusses the complexities of the German soul (§ 244 ), praises the Jews and heavily criticizes the trend of German anti-Semitism (§ 251 ).

" Nietzsche maintained that the traditional Christian God of " monotono-theism " ( Monotono – Theismus ) supports "... all the instincts of decadence, all cowardices and weariness of the soul ...

" Nietzsche believed that Christianity is a conspiracy "... against health, beauty, whatever has turned out well, courage, intellect, goodness of the soul, against life itself.

For the figure of Vincent Berger Malraux has obviously drawn on his studies of T. E. Lawrence ( though Berger fights on the side of the Turks instead of against them ), and like both Lawrence and Malraux himself he is a fervent admirer of Nietzsche.

It is Martin Heidegger, not Nietzsche, who elaborated a new interpretation of Aristotle, intended to warrant his deconstruction of scholastic and philosophical tradition.

Friedrich Nietzsche, although himself dismissive of Buddhism as yet another nihilism, developed his philosophy of accepting life-as-it-exists and self-cultivation, which is extremely similar to Buddhism as better understood in the West.

Other utilitarian-type views include the claims that the end of action is survival and growth, as in evolutionary ethics ( the 19th-century English philosopher Herbert Spencer ); the experience of power, as in despotism ( the 16th-century Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and the 19th-century German Friedrich Nietzsche ); satisfaction and adjustment, as in pragmatism ( 20th-century American philosophers Ralph Barton Perry and John Dewey ); and freedom, as in existentialism ( the 20th-century French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre ).

" Nietzsche, who was heavily influenced by Schopenhauer, wrote: " Every concept originates through our equating what is unequal.

Friedrich Nietzsche criticized the phrase in that it presupposes that there is an " I ", that there is such an activity as " thinking ", and that " I " know what " thinking " is.

Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche suggested that egoistic or " life-affirming " behavior stimulates jealousy or " ressentiment " in others, and that this is the psychological motive for the altruism in Christianity.

Such theorists find narrative ( or, following Nietzsche and Foucault, genealogy ) to be a helpful tool for understanding ethics because narrative is always about particular lived experiences in all their complexity rather than the assignment of an idea or norm to separate and individuated actions.

Friedrich Nietzsche considered that " A witticism is an epigram on the death of a feeling ," in Human, All Too Human.

This school is associated with the names of Novalis, August Wilhelm Schlegel, Friedrich Schlegel and Nietzsche.

The German title of the book by Friedrich Nietzsche Twilight of the Idols, written in 1888 and published in 1889, is Götzen-Dämmerung, a pun on the title of Wagner's opera.

John Beverley Robinson wrote an essay called " Egoism " in which he states that " Modern egoism, as propounded by Stirner and Nietzsche, and expounded by Ibsen, Shaw and others, is all these ; but it is more.

It stars Jonatan Spang as von Trier's alter ego, called " Erik Nietzsche ", and is narrated by von Trier himself.

Further, there is no reason to be surprised when discussions such as those about the " death of God " – a concept drawn from Nietzsche – stir popular excitement as they did in the recent past, and could do so again today.

Nihilism is often associated with the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, who provided a detailed diagnosis of nihilism as a widespread phenomenon of Western culture.

Nietzsche distinguishes a morality that is strong or healthy, meaning that the person in question is aware that he constructs it himself, from weak morality, where the interpretation is projected on to something external.

This is exactly why Nietzsche states that nihilism as " absolute valuelessness " or " nothing has meaning " is dangerous, or even " the danger of dangers ": it is through valuation that people survive and endure the danger, pain and hardships they face in life.

But the hell of Hades is not associated either with the antique or the Christian world, it is sooner connected with that of Nietzsche ’ s one: " even god possesses his hell – which is his love to people ".

In parallel with the revolutions against rising political absolutism based on established religion and the replacememt of faith by reasonable faith, new systems of metaphysics were promulgated in the lecture halls by charismatic professors, such as Immanuel Kant, Nietzsche and Hegel.

In addition, Nietzsche ( in Beyond Good and Evil ) and Alasdair MacIntyre ( in After Virtue ) have pointed out that the ancient Greeks did not associate morality with altruism in the way that post-Christian Western civilization has done.

The Seduction of Unreason: The Intellectual Romance with Fascism from Nietzsche to Postmodernism.

The Ego and Its Own by Max StirnerIn Russia, individualist anarchism inspired by Stirner combined with an appreciation for Friedrich Nietzsche attracted a small following of bohemian artists and intellectuals such as Lev Chernyi, as well as a few lone wolves who found self-expression in crime and violence.

Friedrich Nietzsche was another major precursor of modernism with a philosophy in which psychological drives, specifically the ' Will to power ', were more important than facts, or things.

This form of nihilism is characterized by Nietzsche as " a sign of strength ," a wilful destruction of the old values to wipe the slate clean and lay down one's own beliefs and interpretations, contrary to the passive nihilism that resigns itself with the decomposition of the old values.

Vattimo explains that with this new edition of Colli and Montinari, a critical reception of Heidegger's interpretation of Nietzsche began to take shape.

In this latter premise, Heidegger shares an affinity with the late Romantic philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, another principal forerunner of Post-structuralist and Postmodernist thought.

Friedrich Nietzsche and, after him, Martin Heidegger, Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze also rejected the notion of " substance ", and in the same movement the concept of subject contained with the framework of Platonic idealism.

Starting with his 1947 essay Wagner, Nietzsche and Hitler, Adorno produced a series of influentia works to describe psychological fascist traits.

It is claimed the works of counter-enlightenment philosophers such as Heidegger, along with Friedrich Nietzsche and Joseph de Maistre, influenced Iran's Shia Islamists, notably Ali Shariati, in constructing the ideological foundations of the Iranian Revolution and modern political Islam.

" In various ways, German Idealism after Kant, and major later figures such Nietzsche, Bergson, Husserl, Scheler, and Heidegger, remain pre-occupied with this problem of the justice of the metaphysical demands or urges of reason.

Nietzsche compares genuine free spirits with the Assassins: " When the Christian crusaders in the Orient came across that invincible order of Assassinsthat order of free spirits par excellence whose lowest order received, through some channel or other, a hint about that symbol and spell reserved for the uppermost echelons alone, as their secret: " nothing is true, everything is permitted ".

In the tradition of Nietzsche and Georges Bataille, Foucault had embraced the artist who pushed the limits of rationality, and he wrote with great passion in defense of irrationalities that broke boundaries.

Some of the main philosophers who have dealt with this issue are Marcus Aurelius, Omar Khayyám, Thomas Hobbes, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, David Hume, Baron d ' Holbach ( Paul Heinrich Dietrich ), Pierre-Simon Laplace, Arthur Schopenhauer, William James, Friedrich Nietzsche, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Ralph Waldo Emerson and, more recently, John Searle, Ted Honderich, and Daniel Dennett.

The problem with morality, according to Nietzsche, is that those who were considered “ good ” were the powerful nobles who had more education, and considered themselves better than anyone below their rank.

Similarly, Nietzsche, in On the Genealogy of Morals, speculated about the historical development of Judeo-Christian morality, with the intent of questioning its legitimacy.

The word also plays a prominent role in James Joyce's Ulysses, and is associated also with Nietzsche.

Friendly Fire ( 1992 ) is, like Black's first book, an eclectic collection touching on many topics including the Art Strike, Nietzsche, the first Gulf War and the Dial-a-Rumor telephone project he conducted with Zack Replica ( 1981-1983 ).

Born in Bielefeld, Murnau had inspirations of Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Shakesphere, and Ibsen plays he had seen at the age of 12, and made friends with director Max Reinhardt.

") from his book On the Genealogy of Morals, Friedrich Nietzsche discusses what he terms the " ascetic ideal " and its role in the formulation of morality along with the history of the will.