but why did the Old Chinese postulate five elements, when the Ancient Near East -- which may have initiated the idea that natural elements exerted influence in human life and activities -- recognized only four??

An abbot ( from Old English abbod, abbad, from Latin abbas (“ father ”), from Ancient Greek ἀββᾶς ( abbas ), from Aramaic ܐܒܐ / אבא (’ abbā, “ father ”); confer German Abt ; French abbé ) is the head and chief governor of a community of monks, called also in the East hegumen or archimandrite.

It has recently been suggested that the regional decline at the end of the Akkadian period ( and First Intermediary Period of the Ancient Egyptian Old Kingdom ) was associated with rapidly increasing aridity, and failing rainfall in the region of the Ancient Near East, caused by a global centennial-scale drought.

This climate-induced collapse seems to have affected the whole of the Middle East, and to have coincided with the collapse of the Egyptian Old Kingdom.

Roman Catholics recognize the validity of the apostolic successions of the bishops, and therefore the rest of the clergy, of the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Church of the East, and the Old Catholic Church ( Union of Utrecht only ).

Within the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, Old Catholic, Independent Catholic Churches, and in the Assyrian Church of the East, bishops claim apostolic succession, a direct historical lineage dating back to the original Twelve Apostles.

* The Old Burgundian language, an East Germanic language spoken by the Burgundians.

This was despite noticeable tensions between East Cambridge, Cambridgeport, and Old Cambridge that stemmed from differences in in each area's culture, sources of income, and the national origins of the residents.

Among those noted by the Irish annals, the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle are Ívarr — Ímar in Irish sources — who was active from East Anglia to Ireland, Halfdán — Albdann in Irish, Healfdene in Old English — and Amlaíb or Óláfr.

This language began to undergo new changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, which resulted in the appearance of two similar dialects, Old West Norse ( Norway and Iceland ) and Old East Norse ( Denmark and Sweden ).

A change that separated Old East Norse ( Runic Swedish / Danish ) from Old West Norse was the change of the diphthong æi ( Old West Norse ei ) to the monophthong e, as in stæin to sten.

Old East Norse was once widely spoken in the northeast counties of England.

Several other English words also derive from Old East Norse, for example, " knife " ( kniv ), " husband " ( husbond ), " cold " ( kalde ) and " egg " ( æg ).

Deuterocanonical is a term coined in 1566 by the theologian Sixtus of Siena, who had converted to Catholicism from Judaism, to describe scriptural texts of the Old Testament considered canonical by the Catholic Church, but which are not present in the Hebrew Bible, and which had been omitted by some early canon lists, especially in the East.

The First Council of Constantinople is recognized as the Second Ecumenical Council by the Oriental Orthodox, the Church of the East, the Eastern Orthodox, the Roman Catholics, the Old Catholics, the Anglican Church, and a number of other Western Christian groups.

The Old East Norse term for both Goths and Gotlanders seems to have been Gutar ( for instance, in the Gutasaga and in the runic inscription of the Rökstone ).

Muslims and their religion have greatly impacted the political, economic, and military history of the Old World, especially the Middle East, where lies its roots.

Hastings Old Town is in a sheltered valley between the East Hill and West Hill ( on which the remains of the Castle stand ).

Christianity was founded in the 1st century in the Levant region of the Middle East by Jesus Christ of Nazareth ( Matthew 16: 18 ) Jesus of Nazareth as prophesied in the Old Testament ( Micah 5: 2-5 ) to be the Christ or chosen one of God.

North Jakarta contains part of Jakarta Old Town, formerly known as Batavia since the 17th century, and was a centre of VOC trade activity in Dutch East Indies.

*" The 2000 Year Old Middle East Policy Expert ", a chapter from Give War A Chance by P. J. O ' Rourke

In Norse religion, Asgard ( Old Norse: Ásgarðr ; meaning " Enclosure of the Æsir ") is one of the Nine Worlds and is the country or capital city of the Norse Gods surrounded by an incomplete wall attributed to a Hrimthurs riding the stallion Svaðilfari, according to Gylfaginning.

One of them, Múnón, married Priam's daughter, Tróán, and had by her a son, Trór, to be pronounced Thor in Old Norse.

According to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Asgard is derived from Old Norse āss, god + garðr, enclosure ; from Indo-European roots ansu-spirit, demon ( see cognate ahura ) + gher-grasp, enclose ( see cognates garden and yard ).< ref >; See also ansu-and gher -< sup > 1 </ sup > in " Appendix I: Indo-European Roots " in the same work .</ ref >

Álfheim as an abode of the Elves is mentioned only twice in Old Norse texts.

* Gylfaginning in Old Norse

In Norse mythology, Ask and Embla ( from Old Norse Askr ok Embla )— male and female respectively — were the first two humans, created by the gods.

Old Norse askr literally means " ash tree " but the etymology of embla is uncertain, and two possibilities of the meaning of embla are generally proposed.

Ægir ( Old Norse " sea ") is a sea giant, god of the ocean and king of the sea creatures in Norse mythology.

( from Icelandic for " Æsir faith ", pronounced, in Old Norse ) is a form of Germanic neopaganism which developed in the United States from the 1970s.

is an Icelandic ( and equivalently Old Norse ) term consisting of two parts.

The term is the Old Norse / Icelandic translation of, a neologism coined in the context of 19th century romantic nationalism, used by Edvard Grieg in his 1870 opera Olaf Trygvason.

( plural ), the term used to identify those who practice Ásatrú is a compound with ( Old Norse ) " man ".

A Goði or Gothi ( plural goðar ) is the historical Old Norse term for a priest and chieftain in Norse paganism.

Ægir is an Old Norse word meaning " terror " and the name of a destructive giant associated with the sea ; ægis is the genitive ( possessive ) form of ægir and has no direct relation to Greek aigis.

The exact derivation is unclear, with the Old English fiæll or feallan and the Old Norse fall all being possible candidates.

Bornholm (; Old Norse: Burgundaholmr, " the island of the Burgundians ") is a Danish island in the Baltic Sea located to the east of ( most of ) the rest of Denmark, south of Sweden, and north of Poland.

This would have been a burial fitting a king who was famous for his wealth in Old Norse sources.

The first known use of the word ball in English in the sense of a globular body that is played with was in 1205 in in the phrase, "" The word came from the Middle English bal ( inflected as ball-e ,-es, in turn from Old Norse böllr ( pronounced ; compare Old Swedish baller, and Swedish boll ) from Proto-Germanic ballu-z, ( whence probably Middle High German bal, ball-es, Middle Dutch bal ), a cognate with Old High German ballo, pallo, Middle High German balle from Proto-Germanic * ballon ( weak masculine ), and Old High German ballâ, pallâ, Middle High German balle, Proto-Germanic * ballôn ( weak feminine ).

It is clear that, while most writers enjoy picturing the Negro as a woolly-headed, humble old agrarian who mutters `` yassuhs '' and `` sho' nufs '' with blissful deference to his white employer ( or, in Old South terms, `` massuh '' ), this stereotype is doomed to become in reality as obsolete as Caldwell's Lester.

All but the most rabid of Confederate flag wavers admit that the Old Southern tradition is defunct in actuality and sigh that its passing was accompanied by the disappearance of many genteel and aristocratic traditions of the reputedly languid ante-bellum way of life.

As Sir Charles Oman once said, `` it is no longer fashionable to declare that we can say nothing certain about Old English origins ''.

The New English Bible ( the Old Testament and Apocrypha will be published at a future date ) has not been planned to rival or replace the King James Version, but, as its cover states, it is offered `` simply as the Bible to all those who will use it in reading, teaching, or worship ''.

Old Chris is my ideal.

Old Order, acted and atonally sung by Grunnfeu Arapacis, the lovely Serbantian import, then entered and delivered the well-known invocation to the god Phineoppus, whereupon the stage is quite unexpectedly visited by a company of wandering Gorshek priests, symbolizing Love, Lust, Prudence and General Motors, respectively.

Old Mr. Pocket's frantic response to life imprisonment with a useless, social-climbing wife is to `` put his two hands into his disturbed hair '' and `` make an extraordinary effort to lift himself up by it '', whereas Joe Gargery endures the shrewish onslaughts of Mrs. Joe by apologetically drawing `` the back of his hand across and across his nose ''.

The party is to raise money for the Old Town Art center and to plant more crabapple trees along the streets of Old Town.

The house is on Old Annapolis road a mile south of Severna Park, at Jones Station, police said.

Stagecoach Days is the theme for the weekend on the Old Chisholm Trail.

`` A Toast To The Bride '', sung by Clarence Nordstrom, playing a character called Old Man Toomey, is quite simple, direct and touching.

Old Mr. Thom is already down on Wally, and we simply can't afford to get Ken mad at us '' --

It is the belief of Old Babylonian scholars such as Carruccio that Old Babylonians " may have used the abacus for the operations of addition and subtraction ; however, this primitive device proved difficult to use for more complex calculations ".

Some adaptations of the Latin alphabet are augmented with ligatures, such as æ in Old English and Icelandic and Ȣ in Algonquian ; by borrowings from other alphabets, such as the thorn þ in Old English and Icelandic, which came from the Futhark runes ; and by modifying existing letters, such as the eth ð of Old English and Icelandic, which is a modified d. Other alphabets only use a subset of the Latin alphabet, such as Hawaiian, and Italian, which uses the letters j, k, x, y and w only in foreign words.

Another notable script is Elder Futhark, which is believed to have evolved out of one of the Old Italic alphabets.

The Old Hungarian script is a contemporary writing system of the Hungarians.

The earliest known alphabet in the wider sense is the Wadi el-Hol script, believed to be an abjad, which through its successor Phoenician is the ancestor of modern alphabets, including Arabic, Greek, Latin ( via the Old Italic alphabet ), Cyrillic ( via the Greek alphabet ) and Hebrew ( via Aramaic ).

It is the Atlantic that separates the " Old World " from the " New World ".