Physicists struggled with this problem, which later became known as the ultraviolet catastrophe, unsuccessfully for many years.

Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic particles of which all ordinary matter is made ( particle physics ) to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole ( cosmology ).

Against the Mathematicians VII-XI is sometimes distinguished from Against the Mathematicians I-VI by giving it the title Against the Dogmatists ( in which case Against the Logicians are called books I-II, Against the Physicists are called books III-IV, and Against the Ethicists is called book V, despite the fact that it is commonly believed that the beginning of the work is missing and it is not known how many books might have preceded the extant books ).

* Alexei Kojevnikov, Stalin's Great Science: The Times and Adventures of Soviet Physicists ( Imperial College Press, 2004 ), ISBN 1-86094-420-5 ( discusses use of Fuchs's passed on information by Soviets, based on now-declassified files )

Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.

Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply call " vacuum " or free space, and use the term partial vacuum to refer to an actual imperfect vacuum as one might have in a laboratory or in space.

Physicists who study the electrical properties of matter at the microscopic level use a closely related and more general vector equation, sometimes also referred to as Ohm's law, having variables that are closely related to the V, I, and R scalar variables of Ohm's law, but which are each functions of position within the conductor.

Physicists often use this continuum form of Ohm's Law:

Physicists tend to use the more classical definition of the term ( see Stark effect ), while chemists usually use the term to refer to what is technically electrochromism.

Physicists use theory to predict how time is measured.

Physicists often use a definition for the Laguerre polynomials that is larger,

Physicists often use a definition for the Laguerre polynomials that is larger,

Physicists utilize the scientific method to delineate the universals and constants governing physical phenomena, and the philosophy of physics reflects on the results of this empirical research.

Physicists such as Alain Aspect and Paul Kwiat have performed experiments that have found violations of these inequalities up to 242 standard deviations ( excellent scientific certainty ).

His books include The Physicists ( 1978 ), a history of the American physics community, In the Name of Eugenics ( 1985 ), currently the standard text on the history of eugenics in the United States, and The Baltimore Case ( 1998 ), a study of accusations of scientific fraud.

Physicists and acoustic engineers tend to discuss sound pressure levels in terms of frequencies, partly because this is how our ears interpret sound.

* Arfken, George B. and Hans J. Weber, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 6th edition ( Harcourt: San Diego, 2005 ).

An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists, North-Holland, Amsterdam.

Physicists began to understand the concept of a black hole, and to identify quasars as one of these objects ' astrophysical manifestations.

Biographies of Famous Electrochemists and Physicists Contributed to Understanding of Electricity.

Physicists assumed, morever, that like mechanical waves, light waves required a medium for propagation, and thus required Huygens's idea of an aether " gas " permeating all space.

Physicists also call one-dimensional orthogonal projectors pure states and other density operators mixed states.

Physicists Gustave le Bon and P. Audollet and spiritualist

Physicists can measure when they can find the operations by which they may meet the necessary criteria ; psychologists have but to do the same.

) Physicists have not found any natural process which would be predicted to form a wormhole naturally in the context of general relativity, although the quantum foam hypothesis is sometimes used to suggest that tiny wormholes might appear and disappear spontaneously at the Planck scale, and stable versions of such wormholes have been suggested as dark matter candidates.

Physicists were initially uncertain of the nature of X-rays, although it was soon suspected ( correctly ) that they were waves of electromagnetic radiation, in other words, another form of light.

* Physicists develop M-theory.

Physicists have long been aware that there are solutions to the theory of general relativity which contain closed timelike curves, or CTCs — see for example the Gödel metric.

Physicists showed in the 1920s that in gas at extremely low densities, electrons can populate excited metastable energy levels in atoms and ions which at higher densities are rapidly de-excited by collisions.

Physicists have testified at United States Congressional hearings, however, that weapons with yields of 10 kilotons ( 42 TJ ) or less can produce a very large EMP.

Physicists from across Europe ( and sometimes further abroad ) often visited the Institute to confer with Bohr on new theories and discoveries.

Physicists coordinate the beams so that they collide at the centers of two 5, 000-ton detectors DØ and CDF inside the Tevatron tunnel at energies of 1. 96 TeV, revealing the structure of matter at the smallest scale.

Physicists would contribute by assessing the changes in light transmission in the receiving waters.

Physicists working on the project adopted the name " barn " for a unit equal to 10 < sup >− 24 </ sup > square centimetres, about the size of a uranium nucleus.

Another criticism is that universities tend more to pseudo-intellectualism than intellectualism per se ; for example, to protect their positions and prestige, academicians may over-complicate problems and express them in obscure language ( e. g., the Sokal affair, a hoax by physicist Alan Sokal attempting to show that American humanities professors invoke complicated, pseudoscientific jargon to support their political positions.

* " Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity " by Alan Sokal, ( Spring / Summer 1996 issue of Social Text ).

In 1996, physicist Alan Sokal wrote a nonsensical article entitled " Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity ".

* Sokal, Alan and Jean Bricmont ( 1998 ) Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals ' Abuse of Science ( ISBN 0-312-20407-8 )

" Similarly, physicist Alan Sokal in 1997 criticized " the postmodernist / poststructuralist gibberish that is now hegemonic in some sectors of the American academy.

The Sokal affair, also known as the Sokal hoax, was a publishing hoax perpetrated by Alan Sokal, a physics professor at New York University.

In Jacques Derrida's response, " Sokal and Bricmont Aren't Serious ," first published in Le Monde, Derrida writes that the Sokal hoax is rather " sad ," not only because Alan Sokal's name is now linked primarily to a hoax, not to science, but also because the chance to reflect seriously on these issues has been ruined for a broad public forum that deserves better.

In spring of 1997, the postmodern philosopher Fred Newman responded to the Sokal Affair publishing hoax in the paper " Science Can Do Better than Sokal: A Commentary on the So-Called Science Wars ", which he presented at the Postmodernism and the Social Sciences conference at the New School for Social Research ; Alan Sokal was a participant.

* Sokal, Alan D. and Bricmont, Jean.

* Sokal, Alan D. and Bricmont, Jean.

* Sokal, Alan D. and Bricmont, Jean.

* Alan Sokal Articles on the Social Text Affair Alan Sokal's own page with very extensive links ; includes the original article

One of the most prominent critiques of Cultural Studies came from physicist Alan Sokal, who submitted an article to a Cultural Studies journal, Social Text.

Alan Sokal published an analysis of the wide acceptance among professional nurses of " scientific theories " of spiritual healing.

To illustrate what he believed to be the intellectual weaknesses of social constructionism and postmodernism, in 1996, physics professor Alan Sokal submitted an article to the academic journal Social Text that was written purposely to be incomprehensible, but included phrases and jargon typical of articles published in the journal.

His graduate students include Arthur Jaffe, Jerrold Marsden, and Alan Sokal.

* Sokal Affair: Alan Sokal, " A Physicist Experiments With Cultural Studies ," Lingua Franca, May / June, 1996.