Physicists also call one-dimensional orthogonal projectors pure states and other density operators mixed states.

Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply call " vacuum " or free space, and use the term partial vacuum to refer to an actual imperfect vacuum as one might have in a laboratory or in space.

Physicists showed in the 1920s that in gas at extremely low densities — even interstellar matter considered dense in an astronomical context is at high vacuum by laboratory standards — electrons can populate excited metastable energy levels in atoms and ions which at higher densities are rapidly de-excited by collisions.

Physicists had no convincing theory to explain this until Bohr and complementarity came along.

Physicists and acoustic engineers tend to discuss sound pressure levels in terms of frequencies, partly because this is how our ears interpret sound.

* Arfken, George B. and Hans J. Weber, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 6th edition ( Harcourt: San Diego, 2005 ).

An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists, North-Holland, Amsterdam.

Physicists struggled with this problem, which later became known as the ultraviolet catastrophe, unsuccessfully for many years.

Physicists began to understand the concept of a black hole, and to identify quasars as one of these objects ' astrophysical manifestations.

Biographies of Famous Electrochemists and Physicists Contributed to Understanding of Electricity.

Physicists assumed, morever, that like mechanical waves, light waves required a medium for propagation, and thus required Huygens's idea of an aether " gas " permeating all space.

Physicists Gustave le Bon and P. Audollet and spiritualist

Physicists can measure when they can find the operations by which they may meet the necessary criteria ; psychologists have but to do the same.

Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.

) Physicists have not found any natural process which would be predicted to form a wormhole naturally in the context of general relativity, although the quantum foam hypothesis is sometimes used to suggest that tiny wormholes might appear and disappear spontaneously at the Planck scale, and stable versions of such wormholes have been suggested as dark matter candidates.

Physicists were initially uncertain of the nature of X-rays, although it was soon suspected ( correctly ) that they were waves of electromagnetic radiation, in other words, another form of light.

* Physicists develop M-theory.

Physicists have long been aware that there are solutions to the theory of general relativity which contain closed timelike curves, or CTCs — see for example the Gödel metric.

Physicists showed in the 1920s that in gas at extremely low densities, electrons can populate excited metastable energy levels in atoms and ions which at higher densities are rapidly de-excited by collisions.

Physicists have testified at United States Congressional hearings, however, that weapons with yields of 10 kilotons ( 42 TJ ) or less can produce a very large EMP.

Physicists who study the electrical properties of matter at the microscopic level use a closely related and more general vector equation, sometimes also referred to as Ohm's law, having variables that are closely related to the V, I, and R scalar variables of Ohm's law, but which are each functions of position within the conductor.

Physicists from across Europe ( and sometimes further abroad ) often visited the Institute to confer with Bohr on new theories and discoveries.

Physicists coordinate the beams so that they collide at the centers of two 5, 000-ton detectors DØ and CDF inside the Tevatron tunnel at energies of 1. 96 TeV, revealing the structure of matter at the smallest scale.

Physicists would contribute by assessing the changes in light transmission in the receiving waters.

Physicists working on the project adopted the name " barn " for a unit equal to 10 < sup >− 24 </ sup > square centimetres, about the size of a uranium nucleus.

Call minutes are highly elastic against price, this means that the demand for call minutes varies greatly according to price.

In telecommunications, a call collision ( commonly known as glare ) is one of two things:

When call collision occurs, the DCE proceeds with the call request and cancels the incoming call.

If the caller is unsure as to which service they require, the operator will default the call to the police, and if an incident requires more than one service, for instance a road traffic collision with injuries and trapped people, depending on the service the caller has chosen, this service will alert the other services for the caller ( while the operator has to also contact each emergency service individually, regardless of whether the caller has remained on the line ).

We call this a priori because we calculate the instants of collision before we update the configuration of the physical bodies.

The pilot apologizes for the faulty collision warning, but an incoming call from Third Echelon commanding officer, Irving Lambert, reveals that North America has just been hit by a cyber warfare attack, targeting mostly military targets.

* A call collision in telecommunications

The motorist may, for example, put forward a reason their alleged violation was justified, such as to " get out of the way of an ambulance or avoid a collision with another motorist ", and call into doubt the level to which the officer recalls the specific details of the situation among the many tickets they have issued.

In the event of a collision, detected by airbag deployment or other sensors, Advanced Automatic Collision Notification features can automatically send information about the vehicle's condition and GPS location to OnStar call centers.

He picked up the receiver and spoke to the signalman, informing him of the collision and asking him to call the emergency services.

He ’ s a man on a collision course with destiny: It seems that King Elvis, who ruled over the land of Vegas for forty years, has finally taken his last curtain call and the throne now stands empty.

It is unclear why id Software chose to call a " no-collide " code a " no-clip " code, unless the code also turned off clipping, and that was the ( developer-intended ) point to the cheat: to test the system when everything in the level was being drawn at once, and also remove collision so that one could quickly inspect the level for problems.

In the early morning hours of May 7, 2009, Officer James " Jamie " Manor of Enterprise Area Command was driving in excess of 100 MPH without flashing lights or siren and killed as a result of a traffic collision while en route to a possible domestic violence call.

Just as I know I would make a bad soldier even though I cannot sincerely call myself a pacifist, so too I would not be either a hangman by profession or, if I could avoid it, even a member of a hanging jury.

Congressmen returning from recess say the people admire President Kennedy so much, they're even willing to heed his call to sacrifice -- and give up his program.

I didn't even have the nerve to call her on the telephone.

Let her call Crosson if she wanted to, let Crosson raise the roof or even can him, he didn't care.

I would call them the patterns of life, perhaps even the designs of destiny.

A century ago, Newman saw that liberalism ( what we now might call secularism ) would gradually but definitely make its mark on English Protestantism, and that even high Anglicanism would someday no longer be a `` serviceable breakwater against doctrinal errors more fundamental than its own ''.

Johnston's initial call upon the governors for more men did not result in many immediate recruits but Johnston had another, even bigger, problem since his force was seriously short of arms and ammunition even for the troops he had.

In the later play Frogs, Aristophanes softens his criticisms, but even so it may be only for the sake of punning on Agathon's name ( ἁγαθός = " good ") that he makes Dionysus call him a " good poet ".

Installers of multi-line business services where outgoing calls from all lines display the company's main number on call display can use ANAC to identify a specific line in the system, even if CID displays every line as " line one ".

Although every Major League Baseball team cultivates fans from outside its immediate metropolitan area, and even though the greater Phoenix area has 2 / 3 of the statewide population, Colangelo still decided to call the team the " Arizona Diamondbacks " rather than the " Phoenix Diamondbacks ".

If the assets used are not identical ( so a price divergence makes the trade temporarily lose money ), or the margin treatment is not identical, and the trader is accordingly required to post margin ( faces a margin call ), the trader may run out of capital ( if they run out of cash and cannot borrow more ) and go bankrupt even though the trades may be expected to ultimately make money.

Even though most proposals call for payments of less than the full amount of the debt owing, in most cases, the creditors will accept the deal, because if they do not, the next alternative may be personal bankruptcy, where the creditors will get even less money.

The discipline differs from many other technical professions in that programmers, in general, do not need to be licensed or pass any standardized ( or governmentally regulated ) certification tests in order to call themselves " programmers " or even " software engineers.

However, many readers recognized Barks ' work and drawing style, and began to call him the Good Duck Artist, a label which stuck even after his true identity was discovered by fans in the late 1950s.

had to drink There were even drinking game referee officials, including a ' registrar of the rules ' who knew all the rules to the game, a ' registrar of the horn ' who tossed a silver flag down on calling out second offenses, and a ' governor ' who decided one's third call of offense.

Also many on the left such as Tony Benn tend not to use the phrase to refer to themselves even though they share many of their criticisms of the European Union and they may use phrases such as euro-critical or just call themselves democrats or socialists and their scepticism as part of their wider belief in democracy or socialism.

The freedom to begin anew is thus an extension of " the freedom to call something into being which did not exist before, which was not given, not even as an object of cognition or imagination, and which therefore, strictly speaking, could not be known.

On regular lines, at least one train every two hours will call even in the smallest of villages.

The user can monitor and modify the values of programs ' internal variables, and even call functions independently of the program's normal behavior.

Iceman even went as far as offending Nightcrawler by claiming that only the original five, and no one else, has the right to call themselves an X-Man.

The avant-garde and free jazz idioms permit, even call for, abandoning chords, scales, and rhythmic meters.

Hence, although the experience of God is like none other, the occasions for experiencing Him, for having a consciousness of Him, are manifold, even if we consider only those that call for Berakot.

It would be a dangerous illusion to think that, if war once starts, it will come to an early end even if a success on any one of the several fronts on which it will be engaged should have been secured " Ribbentrop for his part told Hitler that Chamberlain's letter was just a bluff, and urged his master to call it.