As Pope Martin V supported Sforza, Alfonso switched religious allegiance to the Aragonese antipope Benedict XIII.

Pope Martin V protested in vain against the inscription on the sarcophagus: " John the former pope ".

By the time of Pope Martin V their signature was made essential to the validity of the acts of the chancery ; and they obtained in course of time many important privileges.

Pope Martin V ( Constit.

Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, termed creati et reservati in pectore.

In reply to the Papal bull Exsurge Domine of Pope Leo X ( 1520 ), Martin Luther burned the document and appealed for a general council.

* Oddone Colonna, who ended the Western Schism as Pope Martin V ( elected in 1417 ).

Subsequently the French Celestines, with the consent of the Italian superiors of the order, and of Pope Martin V in 1427, obtained the privilege of making new constitutions for themselves, which they did in the 17th century in a series of regulations accepted by the provincial chapter in 1667.

The council ended the Three-Popes Controversy, by deposing or accepting the resignation of the remaining Papal claimants and electing Pope Martin V.

By the time the anti-popes were all deposed and the new Pope, Martin V, was elected, two years had passed since Gregory XII's abdication, and Gregory was already dead.

Pope Martin V appointed Polish King Jogaila and Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas as vicar generals in Pskov and Veliky Novgorod in recognition of their Catholicism.

German peasants greet the fire and brimstone from a papal bull of Pope Paul III in Martin Luther's 1545 Depictions of the Papacy

After the death of his father, he fought initially for the Neapolitan army and then for Pope Martin V and the Duke of Milan, Filippo Maria Visconti.

Pope Martin V, who while still Cardinal Otto of Colonna, had attacked Huss with relentless severity, energetically resumed the battle against Huss's teaching after the enactments of the Council of Constance, seeking to eradicate completely the doctrine of Huss, for which purpose the co-operation of King Wenceslaus had to be obtained ; in 1418, Sigismund succeeded in winning his brother over to the standpoint of the council by pointing out the inevitability of a religious war if the heretics in Bohemia found further protection.

Pope Martin V called upon Catholics of the West to take up arms against the Hussites, and there followed twelve years of warfare.

* 1521 – Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem.

* 1520 – Pope Leo X threatens to excommunicate Martin Luther in papal bull Exsurge Domine.

The exhumation was carried out in 1428 when, at the command of Pope Martin V, his remains were dug up, burned, and the ashes cast into the River Swift, which flows through Lutterworth.

These biographies until those of Pope Martin IV ( 1281 – 1285 ) are extant only as revised by Petrus Guillermi in the manuscripts of the monastery of St. Gilles having been taken from the Chronicle of Martin of Opava.

An independent continuation appeared in the reign of Pope Eugene IV ( 1431 – 1447 ), appending biographies from Pope Urban V ( 1362 – 1370 ) to Pope Martin V ( 1417 – 1431 ), encompassing the period of the Western Schism.

* 1282 – Pope Martin IV excommunicates King Peter III of Aragon.

by Martin Pope and Charles E. Swenberg, Oxford University Press ( 1999 ), ISBN 0-19-512963-6

** Saint Pope Pius V

* Pope Adrian V ( c. 1205 – 1276 )

In 1452, Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bull Dum Diversas, granting Afonso V the right to reduce " Saracens, pagans and any other unbelievers " to hereditary slavery.

In 1589 Pope Sixtus V united to the Congregation of St Ambrose the monasteries of a group known as the " Brothers of the Apostles of the Poor Life " ( or " Apostolini " or " Brothers of St. Barnabas "), whose houses were in the province of Genoa and in the March of Ancona.

The union was confirmed by Pope Paul V in 1606, at which time the congregation added the name of St. Barnabas to its title, adopted new constitutions, divided its houses into four provinces, two of them, St Clement's and St Pancras's, being in Rome.

* 1314 – Pope Clement V ( b. 1264 )

This Felix was later confused with a Roman martyr named Felix, with the result that he was included in lists of the Popes as Felix II and that the succeeding Popes of the same name ( Pope Felix III and Pope Felix IV ) were given wrong numerals, as was Antipope Felix V.

While Pope Stephen V supported Guy, crowning him Roman Emperor in 891, Arnulf threw his support behind Berengar.

Pope Paul V, who in early manhood was a member of the College ( Const.

* Pope Celestine V ( 1215 – 96, r. 1294 )

* Pope Urban V ( 1310 – 70, r. 1362 – 70 )

After the murder in that year of Henry III of France, Pope Sixtus V sent Enrico Caetani as legate to Paris to negotiate with the Catholic League of France, and chose Bellarmine to accompany him as theologian.

He received some votes in the 1605 conclaves which elected Pope Leo XI, Pope Paul V, and in 1621 when Pope Gregory XV was elected, but only in the second conclave of 1605 was he papabile.

Under Pope Paul V ( reigned 1605 – 1621 ), a major conflict arose between Venice and the Papacy.

In 1589, by the bull Cum pro nostri temporali munere, Pope Sixtus V re-organised the choir of St Peter's, Rome specifically to include castrati.

Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, composed of six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons ; however, Pope John XXIII began to exceed the overall limit of 70, and this continued under his successors.

Alexander was named after Pope Alexander II.

At the Council of Clermont in 1095, Adhemar showed great zeal for the crusade ( there is evidence Urban II had conferred with Adhemar before the council ) and having been named apostolic legate and appointed to lead the crusade by Pope Urban II, he accompanied Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, to the east.

In 1965 Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals would also be part of the episcopal order, ranked after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees ( who had been relieved of direct responsibilities for those sees by Pope John XXIII three years earlier ).

Of the 232 cardinals that Pope John Paul II elevated, four were named in pectore.

About two years after Cyril of Alexandria's death in 444, an aged monk from Constantinople named Eutyches began teaching a subtle variation on the traditional Christology in an attempt ( as he described in a letter to Pope Leo I in 448 ) to stop a new outbreak of Nestorianism.

On May 5, 1940 Pope Pius XII named her a joint Patron Saint of Italy along with Saint Francis of Assisi.

From then on, until 1959, the Pope of Alexandria, as Patriarch of All Africa, always named an Egyptian ( a Copt ) to be the Archbishop of the Ethiopian Church.

Pope Sixtus IV is known for having built the Sistine Chapel, which is named for him.

He had been named the papal legate to France by Pope Paschal II.

Bertone and Mamberti were named in their respective roles by Pope Benedict XVI in September 2006.

According to George Weigel's biography of John Paul II, Paul VI named Archbishop Karol Wojtyła ( later Pope John Paul II ) to the commission.

On 28 February 1476, Pope Sixtus IV, a Franciscan after whom the Sistine Chapel is named, authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so, and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477, with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast.

In 1983, it was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site. With Philip threatening military action unless the pope complied with his wishes, Pope Clement finally agreed to disband the Order, citing the public scandal that had been generated by the confessions.

Millsaps College is featured in Loren Pope ’ s Colleges That Change Lives and is one of only 24 private colleges nationwide named a Best Buy in the 2010 edition of Fiske ’ s Top Financial Finds on the College Tuition Market.

She named the project after a sign she saw in the abode of Pope Celestine V, which translates as ' a room of one's own ', and which Smith felt best described her solitary method of photography.

In 1944, during World War II, Pope Pius XII named him Apostolic Nuncio to France.

Some manuscripts of it contain a brief mention of a female Pope named Joanna ( the earliest source to attach to her the female form of the name ), but all these manuscripts are later than Martin's work.

It was around this time when a long series of busts of past Popes was made for the Duomo of Siena, which included one of the female Pope, named as " Johannes VIII, Foemina de Anglia " and included between Leo IV and Benedict III.

Because he decided to skip the number XX, the previous Pope named John was Pope John XIX ( 1024 – 32 ).

Pope Martin I, born near Todi, Umbria, in the place now named after him ( Pian di San Martino ), was pope from 649 to 653, succeeding Pope Theodore I on 5 July 649.