Pope Pius 12, declared in 1951 that it is possible to be exempt from the normal obligation of parenthood for a long time and even for the whole duration of married life, if there are serious reasons, such as those often mentioned in the so-called medical, eugenic, economic and social `` indications ''.

Pope Pius the Sixth, at Rome, in April, 1778, wrote the following: `` The faithful should be excited to the reading of the Holy Scriptures: For these are the most abundant sources which ought to be left open to everyone, to draw from them purity of morals and of doctrine, to eradicate errors which are so widely disseminated in these corrupt times ''.

** Saint Pope Pius V

* 1953 – Pope Pius XII establishes the Dioceses of Norwich and Bridgeport and makes the Diocese of Hartford an archdiocese.

* 1740 – Pope Pius VII ( d. 1823 )

** Pope Pius X

He was canonized and proclaimed a Doctor of the Church on December 16, 1931 by Pope Pius XI and patron saint of the sciences.

Category: Saints canonized by Pope Pius XI

* 1865 – Astronomer Pietro Angelo Secchi demonstrates the Secchi disk, which measures water clarity, aboard Pope Pius IX's yacht, the L ’ Immaculata Concezion.

* 1808 – The Roman Catholic Diocese of Baltimore is promoted to an archdiocese, with the founding of the dioceses of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Bardstown ( now Louisville ) by Pope Pius VII.

2, " Romani "), made them Referendaries of Favours, and after three years of service, Referendaries of Justice, enjoying the privileges of Referendaries and permitting one to assist in the signatures before the Pope, giving all a right to a portion in the papal palace and exempting them from the registration of favours as required by Pius IV ( Const., 98 ) with regard to matters pertaining to the Apostolic Chamber.

The college was suppressed in 1908 by Pope Pius X and their duties were transferred to the protonotarii apostolici participantes.

* Pope Pius VII ( 1742 – 1823, r. 1800 – 23 )

In 1830, Pope Pius VIII bestowed upon Bernard the title " Doctor of the Church ".

Significant changes came in 1910 with the reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X.

Pope Pius XII introduced optional use of a new translation of the Psalms from the Hebrew to a more classical Latin.

Pope John XXIII also revised the Breviary in 1960, introducing changes drawn up by his predecessor Pope Pius XII.

The arrangement of the Psalms in the Rule of St. Benedict had a profound impact upon the breviaries used by secular and monastic clergy alike, up until 1911 when Pope St. Pius X introduced his reform of the Roman Breviary.

In 1459 Pope Pius II endowed the University of Basel where such notables as Erasmus of Rotterdam and Paracelsus later taught.

For example, Saint Hermann Joseph had his veneration confirmed by Pope Pius XII.

( As a result of the setting of the age limit at the start of 1971, twenty-five living cardinals, including the last three surviving cardinals elevated by Pope Pius XI, lost the right to participate in a conclave.

Under Pope Julius III, the Council met in Trent ( 1551 – 52 ) for the twelfth through sixteenth sessions, and under Pope Pius IV, the seventeenth through twenty-fifth sessions took place in Trent ( 1559 – 63 ).

The Council entrusted to the Pope the implementation of its work ; as a result, Pope Pius IV issued the Tridentine Creed in 1565 ; and Pope Pius V issued in 1566 the Roman Catechism, in 1568 a revised Roman Breviary, and in 1570 a revised Roman Missal, thus standardizing what since the 20th century has been called the Tridentine Mass ( from the city's Latin name Tridentum ), and Pope Clement VIII issued in 1592 a revised edition of the Vulgate.

* 1329 – The Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon, the first Indian Christian Diocese, is erected by Pope John XXII ; the French-born Jordanus is appointed the first Bishop.

At the Council of Clermont in 1095, Adhemar showed great zeal for the crusade ( there is evidence Urban II had conferred with Adhemar before the council ) and having been named apostolic legate and appointed to lead the crusade by Pope Urban II, he accompanied Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, to the east.

With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals.

Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation.

The council appointed, in 1562 ( eighteenth session ), a commission to prepare a list of forbidden books ( Index Librorum Prohibitorum ), but it later left the matter to the Pope.

In 1209, Christian was commissioned by the Pope to be responsible for the Prussian missions between the Vistula and Neman Rivers and in 1212 he was appointed bishop.

Pope Martin V appointed Polish King Jogaila and Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas as vicar generals in Pskov and Veliky Novgorod in recognition of their Catholicism.

The order was appointed by Pope Gregory IX the duty to carry out the Inquisition.

The influence of the grateful new queen being actively exerted on Alberoni's behalf — the princesse des Ursins having been chased out — within not much more than a year Alberoni was made a duke and grandee of Spain, a member of the king's council, appointed bishop of Málaga, and in 1715 prime minister, and was made cardinal by Pope Clement XI, under pressure from the court of Spain, in July 1717.

He was appointed grand penitentiary shortly after election of Pope Innocent VI in December 1352 and given the epithet " Angel of Peace ", a title which quickly became a sad misnomer as his future actions in the Papal States would drench the Italian countryside in blood from the River Po until the Garigliano.

In August 1524 Pope Clement VII appointed Aleandro the Archbishop of Brindisi, for which office he was ordained to the priesthood two months later.

His first published compositions, a book of Masses, had made so favorable an impression with Pope Julius III ( previously the Bishop of Palestrina ) that he appointed Palestrina musical director of the Julian Chapel.

The Pope, head of state of Vatican City, is chosen by previously appointed cardinals under 80 years of age from among themselves in a papal conclave.

* 1964 – Karol Wojtyla, the future Pope John Paul II, is appointed archbishop of Kraków, Poland.

In 1576, Macau was established as an episcopal see by Pope Gregory XIII with Melchior Carneiro appointed as the first bishop.

In 1750, on the illness of her father, she was appointed by Pope Benedict XIV to the chair of mathematics and natural philosophy and physics at Bologna.

Pope Innocent XII appointed a commission of cardinals to investigate the accusations-apparently violating the exemption granted in 1520.

In 1921, Pope Benedict XV appointed him as the Italian president of the Society for the Propagation of the Faith.

In 1925 Pope Pius XI appointed him as Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria ( 1925 – 1935 ), also naming him for consecration as titular bishop of Areopolis, Greece.

In 1953, he was appointed Patriarch of Venice and, accordingly, raised to the rank of Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca by Pope Pius XII.

Pope Benedict XV appointed Pacelli as nuncio to Bavaria on 23 April 1917, consecrating him as titular Bishop of Sardis and immediately elevating him to archbishop in the Sistine Chapel on 13 May 1917.

Pacelli was made a Cardinal-Priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo on 16 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI, and within a few months, on 7 February 1930, Pius XI appointed him Cardinal Secretary of State, responsible for foreign policy and state relations throughout the world.

After World War II, Pius XII appointed more non-Italians than any Pope before him.

Pope Damasus appointed St Jerome as his confidential secretary.