Many Structuralists later moved away from the most strict interpretations and applications of " structure ", and are thus called " Post-structuralists ".

Unlike Structuralists, however, the Post-structuralists questioned the division between relation and component and, correspondingly, did not attempt to reduce the subjects of their study to an essential set of relations that could be portrayed with abstract, functional schemes or mathematical symbols ( as in Claude Lévi-Strauss's algebraic formulation of mythological transformation in " The Structural Study of Myth ").

For this reason, most Post-structuralists hold a more open-ended view of function within systems than did Structuralists and were sometimes accused of circularity and ambiguity.

Post-structuralists, unlike Structuralists, did not privilege a system of ( abstract ) " relations " over the specifics to which such relations were applied, but tended to see the notion of “ the relation ” or of systemization itself as part-and-parcel of any stated conclusion rather than a reflection of reality as an independent, self-contained state or object.

Post-structuralists countered that, when closely examined, all formalized claims describing phenomena, reality, or truth, rely on some form or circular reasoning and self-referential logic that is often paradoxical in nature.

Post-structuralists such as Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida rejected structuralism's insistence on fixed meaning, its privileging of a meta-linguistic standpoint ; but continued all the more to problematize the human subject, favouring the term " the decentered subject " which implies the absence of human agency.

Generally, Post-structuralists emphasize the inter-determination and contingency of social and historical phenomena with each other and with the cultural values and biases of perspective.

If anything, if a part of objective reality, theorization and systemization to Post-structuralists was an exponent of larger, more nebulous patterns of control in social orders – patterns that could not be encapsulated in theory without simultaneously conditioning it.

In this latter respect, Post-structuralists were, as a group, continuing the philosophical project initiated by Martin Heidegger, who saw himself as extending the implications of Friedrich Nietzsche's work.

Though many Post-structuralists were referred to as Postmodern in their lifetimes, many explicitly rejected the term.

Philosophers commonly referred to as Post-structuralists include Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Jean Baudrillard, Gilles Deleuze ( all of whom began their careers within a Structuralist framework ), Jacques Derrida, Pierre Bourdieu, Jean-François Lyotard, Julia Kristeva, Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray and, sometimes, the American cultural theorists, critics and intellectuals they influenced ( e. g. Judith Butler, Jonathan Crary, John Fiske, Rosalind Krauss, Hayden White ).

* Post-structuralists hold that the concept of " self " as a separate, singular, and coherent entity is a fictional construct.

Post-structuralists generally assert that post-structuralism is historical, and they classify structuralism as descriptive.

In contrast to common law incrementalism, the legislative process is very difficult to get started, as legislatures tend to delay action until a situation is totally intolerable.

Another regularly asserted contrast between classical and modern liberals: classical liberals tend to see government power as the enemy of liberty, while modern liberals fear the concentration of wealth and the expansion of corporate power.

In contrast, exocrine glands, such as salivary glands, sweat glands, and glands within the gastrointestinal tract, tend to be much less vascular and have ducts or a hollow lumen.

By contrast, many of the water courses in the lowlands tend to be sluggish and meandering.

However, in contrast to linguists, many ordinary Japanese people tend to consider the Ryūkyūan languages as dialects of Japanese.

Fabrics in which the number of knit and purl stitches are not the same, such as stockinette, have a tendency to curl ; by contrast, those in which knit and purl stitches are arranged symmetrically ( such as ribbing, garter stitch or seed stitch ) tend to lie flat and drape well.

" Theodicies of misfortune tend to the belief that weath and other manifestations of privilege are indicications or signs of evil ... In contrast, theodicies of fortune emphasise the notion that privileges are a blessing and are deserved ".

In contrast to submachine guns and autocannons, machine guns ( like rifles ) tend to share the characteristic of a very high ratio of barrel length to caliber ( a long barrel for a small caliber ); indeed, a true machine gun is essentially a fully automatic rifle, and often the primary criterion for a machine gun as opposed to an automatic rifle is the presence of a quick-change barrel or other cooling system ( see below ).

By contrast, court decisions in some civil law jurisdictions ( most prominently France ) tend to be extremely brief, mentioning only the relevant legislation and not going into great detail about how a decision was reached.

In contrast to talk radio stations in the United States, where syndicated programs tend to make up a significant part of most schedules, privately owned Canadian talk radio stations tend to be predominantly local in programming and focus.

Since all matter and energy gravitate, gravity's effects are cumulative ; by contrast, the effects of positive and negative charges tend to cancel one another, making electromagnetism relatively insignificant on cosmological length scales.

In contrast, South African Chardonnay produced from more sandstone-based vineyards tend to be richer and more weighty.

As such, grassroots organizations exist in contrast to so-called participatory systems, which tend to allow individuals equal access to decision-making irrespective of their standing in a local community, or which particular community they reside in.

By increasing the indirect illumination of surfaces near the window, muntins tend to brighten the area immediately around a window and reduce the contrast of shadows within the room.

Boas ' student, the linguist Edward Sapir later noted that also English speakers pronounce sounds differently even when they think they are pronouncing the same sound, for example few English speakers realize that the sounds written with the letter < t > in the words " tick " and " stick " are phonetically different, the first being generally affricated and the other aspirated-a speaker of a language where this contrast is meaningful would instantly perceive them as different sounds and tend not to see them as different realizations of a single phoneme.

For the purposes of contrast, and speaking in ideal types, political ideologues would tend to favor principle over other considerations.

One typical feature of the structure of JSP programs is that they have several input operations distributed throughout the code in contrast to programs designed using stepwise refinement, which tend to have only one input operation.

Medieval and early modern images of Satan tend, by contrast, to show generic semi-human monsters with horns, wings and clawed feet.

Optical receivers, in contrast to laser sources, tend to be wideband devices.

By contrast, scripting languages ( or glue languages ) tend to have the following properties:

In state and national elections, Atlantic County is a reliably Democratic county, in contrast to the other three counties on the Jersey Shore, Monmouth, Ocean, and Cape May Counties, which tend to lean heavily Republican.

Summers, by contrast, tend to be warm and dry, with temperatures often reaching the high 20s and low 30s Celsius.

By contrast Indianans tend to rate the speech of their state on par with that of Illinois, Ohio, and Michigan.

It is an exotic place, so different from the ordinary that the casual tourist is likely to see at first only the contrast and the ugliness of narrow streets lined with haphazard houses.

In the final aspect of the vision, Israel ’ s restoration, as a holy place, is declared in contrast to the Edomite lineage that shall end.

* Sport climbing is a form of rock climbing that relies on permanent anchors fixed to the rock, and possibly bolts, for protection, ( in contrast with traditional climbing, where the rock is typically devoid of fixed anchors and bolts, and where climbers must place removable protection as they climb ).

In contrast to Judaism and many other traditions, he taught that there is a place for voluntary singleness in Christian service.

In contrast, when endothermic reactions occur, energy is absorbed to place an electron in a higher energy state, such that the electron can associate with another atom to form another chemical complex.

In contrast, the multiregional hypothesis proposed that Homo genus contained only a single interconnected population like it does today ( not separate species ), and that its evolution took place worldwide continuously over the last couple million years.

The Apsu was figured as the abyss of water beneath the earth, and since the gathering place of the dead, known as Aralu, was situated near the confines of the Apsu, he was also designated as En-Ki ; i. e. " lord of that which is below ", in contrast to Anu, who was the lord of the " above " or the heavens.

Heaven is often described as a " higher place ", the holiest place, a Paradise, in contrast to Hell or the Underworld or the " low places ", and universally or conditionally accessible by earthly beings according to various standards of divinity, goodness, piety, faith, or other virtues or right beliefs or simply the Will of God.

Motherland may refer to a mother country, i. e. the place of one's birth, the place of origin of an ethnic group or immigrant, or a Metropole in contrast to its colonies.

In contrast, the vocational higher education and training that takes place at vocational universities and schools usually concentrates on practical applications, with very little theory.

In contrast, Neusner views each rabbinic document as an individual piece of evidence that can only shed light on the more local Judaisms of such specific document's place of origin and the specific Judaism of the author.

One example is the contrast between birth and death, and birth and berth, and told and toll'd in Thomas Hood's account of the death of Ben the sailor ( which took place at the age of 40, contrasted with his age of zero at birth ) in his humorous poem Faithless Sally Brown:

While the nonrestorative methods can improve contrast by removing out-of-focus light from focal planes, only the restorative methods can actually reassign light to its proper place of origin.

In contrast, eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis then takes place.

In the medieval period Padstow was commonly called Aldestowe ( as the ' old place ' in contrast to Bodmin the ' new place ').

The Oratorians, by contrast, reserved it a lesser place, in part due to the stress they placed on modern language acquisition and a more sensualist philosophy ( like Bernard Lamy's La Rhétorique ou l ' Art de parler ( 1675 ) which is an excellent example of their approach ).

In contrast, military communication systems such as JTRS, which place a great deal of importance on robustness and information security, typically use very proprietary methods.

In contrast, Lakoff argues that liberals place more support in a model of the family, which he calls the " nurturant parent model ", based on " nurturant values ", where both " mothers " and " fathers " work to keep the essentially good " children " away from " corrupting influences " ( pollution, social injustice, poverty, etc .).

Newton firmly rejected such criticisms and wrote that it was enough that the phenomena implied gravitational attraction, as they did ; but the phenomena did not so far indicate the cause of this gravity, and it was both unnecessary and improper to frame hypotheses of things not implied by the phenomena: such hypotheses " have no place in experimental philosophy ", in contrast to the proper way in which " particular propositions are inferr'd from the phenomena and afterwards rendered general by induction ".

De Bary clearly demonstrated that P. graminis required different hosts during the different stages of its development ( a phenomenon he called " heteroecism " in contrast to " autoecism ", when development takes place only in one host ).

The city's name is pronounced by Bulgarians with a stress on the ' o ', in contrast with the tendency of foreigners to place the stress on ' i '.