Prior to the advent of the microprocessor, a computer was usually built in a card-cage case or mainframe with components connected by a backplane consisting of a set of slots themselves connected with wires ; in very old designs the wires were discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed circuit boards soon became the standard practice.

Prior to the advent of effective antiretroviral therapy, as many as 5 % of people with AIDS eventually developed PML.

Prior to the advent of DNA sequencing, all cladistic analysis used morphological data.

Prior to the advent of modern dams in China, the Yellow River was extremely prone to flooding.

Prior to the advent of the charismatic Rubini, every well-schooled opera singer had avoided using a conspicuous and continuous vibrato because, according to Scott, it varied the pitch of the note being sung to an unacceptable degree and it was considered to be an artificial contrivance arising from inadequate breath control.

Prior to the advent of the railroad in the second half of the nineteenth century, the town's location on the river made for a thriving community ; it is reputed to have been the largest town between Chicago and Terre Haute at the height of its success.

Prior to the advent of the Dutch, the region was at the heart of the Mahican tribe.

Prior to the advent of tests to detect Clostridium difficile toxins, the diagnosis was most often made by colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy.

Prior to the advent of leaded gasolines, poppet-valve engines typically required grinding of the valves and valve seats after 20, 000 to 30, 000 miles ( 32, 000 to 48, 000 km ) of service.

Prior to the advent of stand-alone DSP chips discussed below, most DSP applications were implemented using bit-slice processors.

Prior to the advent of Comus, Carnival celebrations in New Orleans were mostly confined to the Roman Catholic Creole community, and parades were irregular and often very informally organized.

Prior to the advent of Mac OS X, the Mac OS system regarded the content of a file ( the data fork ) to be a text file when its resource fork indicated that the type of the file was " TEXT ".

Prior to the advent of factory farming with its use of " zero-grazing " feeding techniques, pasture was the primary source of food for grazing animals such as cattle and horses.

Prior to the advent of Windows, DOS applications would either communicate directly with the various pieces of hardware ( responding to interrupts, reading and writing device memory etc.

Prior to the advent of the first SOCs, there was no semblance of consensus on psychiatric, psychological, medical, and surgical requirements or procedures.

Prior to the advent by North Electric of the proprietary ' LOCOTROL ' name, the product was referred to as ' RCE ' ( Radio Controlled Equipment ) or ' RCS ' ( Radio Control System ) and the lead and remote units as ' master ' and ' slave '.

Prior to the advent of the grain elevator, grain was usually handled in bags rather than in bulk ( large quantities of loose grain ).

Prior to the advent of the LPFM discussion and eventual rulemaking at the FCC, Low Power FM operations were found legally under FCC Part 15. 239 in the form of single transmitters and radiating cable operations.

Prior to the advent of home theater systems, when VCRs were used, the enhanced sound option was stereo high-fidelity sound or Dolby Pro Logic for Dolby Surround-encoded tapes.

Prior to the advent of the portable ' mill, small-scale sawmills were generally cobbled-together affairs constructed and operated by ( almost always ) two men with a penchant for tinkering.

Prior to the advent of GNSS, Celestial Navigation was also used by trained navigators on military bombers and transport aircraft in the event of all electronic navigational aids being turned off in time of war.

Prior to the advent of the web, such support had to be done either via an online service or a private Bulletin board system run by the company and accessed over a direct phone line.

Prior to the advent of computer technology, the accused were sometimes made to hold a placard with their name, date of birth, booking ID, weight and other relevant information on it.

Prior to the advent of the American School, the scope of Comparative Literature in the West was typically limited to the literatures of Western Europe and Anglo-America, predominantly literature in English, German and French literature, with occasional forays into Italian literature ( primarily for Dante ) and Spanish literature ( primarily for Cervantes ).

Prior to the advent of Chinese civilization and world religions in the region generally known today as East Asia including the territorial boundaries of modern-day China ; tribal totemistic and animistic religious practices were the way in which prayers, sacrifices or offerings were communicated to the spiritual world by groups or mediatory individuals such as shamans.

Prior to roasting in an oven, meat is generally " browned " by brief exposure to high temperature.

Prior to 2007, many theorists performed calculations indicating that vacancies cannot exist at zero temperature in solid helium-4.

Prior to the mid 20th century, Chablis producers were at the mercy of the vintage as to whether the temperature would stay warm enough during this period to maintain viable yields.

Prior to the Neoproterozoic, evidence of temperature changes and glaciation is usually too scattered and sporadic to draw firm conclusions though it seems likely that temperature fluctuations were also substantial during this period.

Prior to the 19th century, artists mixed their own paints which allowed them to achieve the desired color, thickness, and to control the use of fillers, if any.

Prior uses of machine readable media had been for control ( automatons such as piano rolls or looms ), not data.

Prior to the twentieth century, Laotian kingdoms and principalities encompassed areas on both sides of the Mekong, and Thai control in the late nineteenth century extended to the left bank.

Prior to the Civil War, militia units were sometimes used by southern states for slave control.

Prior to arriving at Montreal, Saladin withdrew, realizing that if he met Nur ad-Din at Shaubak, he would be refused return to Egypt because of Nur ad-Din's reluctance to consolidate such massive territorial control to Saladin.

Prior to hypoglycemic agents, diabetics used vinegar teas to control their symptoms.

Prior to the tour, Nicks started work with a voice coach, to lend her voice more control and protect it from the stress of lengthy touring schedules.

Prior to the beginning of negotiations, the Japanese allegedly made the Taft-Katsura Agreement with the U. S. in July 1905, which agreed to Japanese control of Korea, in return for American dominance in the Philippines.

Prior to the widespread use of chemical herbicides, cultural controls, such as altering soil pH, salinity, or fertility levels, were used to control weeds.

Prior to that, it had been claimed but with no control over the region by Somaliland since the 1991 events of the Somali Civil War.

Prior to the 2006 election the party's Central Committee relinquished control of selecting the Knesset list to the ' rank and file ' members at Netanyahu's behest.

Prior experience or training in air traffic control is not required.

Prior to numerical control, horizontal milling machines evolved first, because they evolved by putting milling tables under lathe-like headstocks.

Through two Papal Bulls issued dated 1585 and 1586, the Roman Catholic Church removed the monastery from the control of the powerful Archbishop of Toledo and placed it under the monastery's Prior.

Prior to the extensive division of labor and mechanization resulting from the Industrial Revolution, it was possible for workers to control the quality of their own products.

Prior to the creation of the Sacred Band under Gorgidas, the Athenians had helped the Theban exiles retake control of Thebes and the citadel of Cadmea from Sparta.

Prior to arrival, the pilot might talk with air traffic control over the radio to establish the runway in use, the circuit height and direction ( left or right hand ), and the QFE ( atmospheric pressure ) of the field.

Prior to World War II the constant speed propeller was developed to control engine speed for maneuvering aircraft.

Prior to the 2008 Council elections, no party had overall control of the local authority, which was run by a coalition of Liberal Democrats and Labour Party councillors.

Prior to the Texas War of Independence, settlement was generally prohibited by the Spanish and later Mexican governments, but neither government was able to exert control or law enforcement in the area.

Prior to that, the other major Galician party, the conservative People's Party ( PPdeG ), had remained in control of the overall majority and therefore of the Galician government.

Prior to the establishment of Valletta as capital and main city of Malta, military powers that wanted to rule the Maltese islands would need to obtain control of Birgu due to its significant position in the Grand Harbour.

Prior to death, the viroid causes its host's powers to flare out of control.