Prior to the advent of the microprocessor, a computer was usually built in a card-cage case or mainframe with components connected by a backplane consisting of a set of slots themselves connected with wires ; in very old designs the wires were discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed circuit boards soon became the standard practice.

Prior to the advent of effective antiretroviral therapy, as many as 5 % of people with AIDS eventually developed PML.

Prior to the advent of DNA sequencing, all cladistic analysis used morphological data.

Prior to the advent of modern dams in China, the Yellow River was extremely prone to flooding.

Prior to the advent of the charismatic Rubini, every well-schooled opera singer had avoided using a conspicuous and continuous vibrato because, according to Scott, it varied the pitch of the note being sung to an unacceptable degree and it was considered to be an artificial contrivance arising from inadequate breath control.

Prior to the advent of the railroad in the second half of the nineteenth century, the town's location on the river made for a thriving community ; it is reputed to have been the largest town between Chicago and Terre Haute at the height of its success.

Prior to the advent of the Dutch, the region was at the heart of the Mahican tribe.

Prior to the advent of tests to detect Clostridium difficile toxins, the diagnosis was most often made by colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy.

Prior to the advent of leaded gasolines, poppet-valve engines typically required grinding of the valves and valve seats after 20, 000 to 30, 000 miles ( 32, 000 to 48, 000 km ) of service.

Prior to the advent of stand-alone DSP chips discussed below, most DSP applications were implemented using bit-slice processors.

Prior to the advent of Comus, Carnival celebrations in New Orleans were mostly confined to the Roman Catholic Creole community, and parades were irregular and often very informally organized.

Prior to the advent of Mac OS X, the Mac OS system regarded the content of a file ( the data fork ) to be a text file when its resource fork indicated that the type of the file was " TEXT ".

Prior to the advent of factory farming with its use of " zero-grazing " feeding techniques, pasture was the primary source of food for grazing animals such as cattle and horses.

Prior to the advent of Windows, DOS applications would either communicate directly with the various pieces of hardware ( responding to interrupts, reading and writing device memory etc.

Prior to the advent of the first SOCs, there was no semblance of consensus on psychiatric, psychological, medical, and surgical requirements or procedures.

Prior to the advent by North Electric of the proprietary ' LOCOTROL ' name, the product was referred to as ' RCE ' ( Radio Controlled Equipment ) or ' RCS ' ( Radio Control System ) and the lead and remote units as ' master ' and ' slave '.

Prior to the advent of the grain elevator, grain was usually handled in bags rather than in bulk ( large quantities of loose grain ).

Prior to the advent of the LPFM discussion and eventual rulemaking at the FCC, Low Power FM operations were found legally under FCC Part 15. 239 in the form of single transmitters and radiating cable operations.

Prior to the advent of home theater systems, when VCRs were used, the enhanced sound option was stereo high-fidelity sound or Dolby Pro Logic for Dolby Surround-encoded tapes.

Prior to the advent of the portable ' mill, small-scale sawmills were generally cobbled-together affairs constructed and operated by ( almost always ) two men with a penchant for tinkering.

Prior to the advent of GNSS, Celestial Navigation was also used by trained navigators on military bombers and transport aircraft in the event of all electronic navigational aids being turned off in time of war.

Prior to the advent of the web, such support had to be done either via an online service or a private Bulletin board system run by the company and accessed over a direct phone line.

Prior to the advent of computer technology, the accused were sometimes made to hold a placard with their name, date of birth, booking ID, weight and other relevant information on it.

Prior to the advent of the American School, the scope of Comparative Literature in the West was typically limited to the literatures of Western Europe and Anglo-America, predominantly literature in English, German and French literature, with occasional forays into Italian literature ( primarily for Dante ) and Spanish literature ( primarily for Cervantes ).

Prior to the advent of Chinese civilization and world religions in the region generally known today as East Asia including the territorial boundaries of modern-day China ; tribal totemistic and animistic religious practices were the way in which prayers, sacrifices or offerings were communicated to the spiritual world by groups or mediatory individuals such as shamans.

Prior to meeting Mallowan, Christie had not had any extensive brushes with archaeology, but once the two married they made sure to only go to sites where they could work together.

Prior to the 19th century, artists mixed their own paints which allowed them to achieve the desired color, thickness, and to control the use of fillers, if any.

Prior to FORTRAN 77, a number of preprocessors were commonly used to provide a friendlier language, with the advantage that the preprocessed code could be compiled on any machine with a standard FORTRAN compiler.

Prior to his death, Parsons stated that he wanted his body cremated at Joshua Tree and his ashes spread over Cap Rock, a prominent natural feature there ; however, Parsons ' stepfather arranged for a private ceremony back in New Orleans and neglected to invite any of his friends from the music industry.

Prior to the 386, the difficulty of manufacturing microchips and the uncertainty of reliable supply made it desirable that any mass-market semiconductor be multi-sourced, that is, made by two or more manufacturers, the second and subsequent companies manufacturing under license from the originating company.

Prior to that, any problems had been mostly denied by TBS-clinics themselves.

( Historical Note: Prior to the coining of the term " consequentialism " by Anscombe in 1958 and the adoption of that term in the literature that followed, " utilitarianism " was the generic term for consequentialism, referring to all theories that promoted maximizing any form of utility, not just those that promoted maximizing happiness.

Prior to 1993, rulers, in their personal capacity, were immune from any proceedings brought against them .< ref >

Prior to the Potsdam Conference, during the Soviet winter 1945 offensive ( Vistula – Oder Offensive ) Red Army overrun Warmia, killing and raping local population, without any regards towards age nor ethnic origin.

Prior to the release of Dr. No – and unconnected with the book itself – Bernard Bergonzi, in the March 1958 issue of Twentieth Century attacked Fleming's work, saying that it contained " a strongly marked streak of voyeurism and sado-masochism " and that the books showed " the total lack of any ethical frame of reference ".

Prior publication in any one territory forfeited copyright protection in the other.

Prior to the release of this tape, President Nixon had denied political motivations in his instructions to the CIA, and claimed he had no knowledge prior to March 21, 1973 of any involvement by senior campaign officials such as John Mitchell.

Prior to commissioning, the new ship undergoes sea trials to identify any deficiencies needing correction.

Prior to 1912, challenges could take place at any time, given the appropriate rink conditions, and it was common for teams to defend the Cup numerous times during the year.

Prior to Blaze's debut, the Trail Blazers never had any official mascot.

Prior to the late 1930s, Sevier County's population, economy, and society — which relied primarily on subsistence agriculture — held little significance vis-à-vis any other county in the rural South.

Prior to these changes, The Independent had a daily circulation of around 217, 500, the lowest of any major national British daily, climbing to claim a 15 % rise by March 2004 ( to 250, 000 ).

Prior to the 1960s, explicit sexuality of any kind was not characteristic of genre speculative fiction.

Prior to the American Civil War, Natchez had the most millionaires per capita of any city in the United States.

Prior to taking any over-the-counter medications, individuals should initiate discussions with their health care provider ( s ) to avoid adverse affects associated with long-term usage or preexisting conditions.

The veterinary surgeon Osmer, as quoted by Prior, described him in the following manner: " There never was a horse ( at least, that I have seen ) so well entitled to get racers as the Godolphin Arabian ; for, whoever has seen this horse must remember that his shoulders were deeper, and lay farther into his back, than those of any horse ever yet seen.

Prior to the 1986 – 87 season at the age of 21, Yzerman was named captain of the Red Wings and continuously served for the next two decades ( dressing as captain for over 1300 games ), retiring as the longest-serving captain of any team in North American major league sports history.

Prior to any measurements being made, the polarizations of the photons are indeterminate ; If a measurement is made on one of the photons using a two-channel polarizer aligned with the axes of the coordinate system, the photon assumes either horizontal or vertical polarization, with 50 % probability for each orientation, and the other two photons immediately assume the identical polarization.

Prior to returning to Ireland in 1997, Scallon applied for US citizenship, requiring her to swear an oath renouncing allegiance to any other state.

Prior to any oral sedation methods being used on a patient, screening must be done to identify possible health concerns.