Fukuyama believes that bridging social capital ( a term coined by Putnam in Bowling Alone ), is essential for a strong social capital because a broader radius of trust will enable connections across borders of all sorts and serve as a basis for organizations.

" Earhart's stepson George Palmer Putnam Jr. has been quoted as saying he believes " the plane just ran out of gas.

Putnam accepts the possibility that this lack of trust could be attributed to " the long litany of political tragedies and scandals since the 1960s " ( see paragraph 13 of the 1995 article ), but believes that this explanation is limited when viewing it alongside other " trends in civic engagement of a wider sort " ( par.

Social capital is defined by Robert D. Putnam as " the collective value of all social networks and species ( who people know ) and the inclinations that arise from these works to do things for each other ( norms of reciprocity ).

However, as Putnam notes in Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community ( 2000 ), social capital has been falling in the United States.

This results in a decline in " social capital ", described by Putnam as " the collective value of all ' social networks ' and the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other ".

According to Putnam and his followers, social capital is a key component to building and maintaining democracy.

Robert Putnam has used the concept in a much more positive light: though he was at first careful to argue that social capital was a neutral term, stating “ whether or not shared are praiseworthy is, of course, entirely another matter ”, his work on American society tends to frame social capital as a producer of " civic engagement " and also a broad societal measure of communal health.

Robert D. Putnam, in his book Bowling Alone makes the argument that social capital is linked to the recent decline in American political participation.

Putnam suggested that social capital would facilitate co-operation and mutually supportive relations in communities and nations and would therefore be a valuable means of combating many of the social disorders inherent in modern societies, for example crime.

According to Robert Putnam, social capital " refers to the collective value of all ' social networks ' and the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other.

" According to Putnam and his followers, social capital is a key component to building and maintaining democracy.

Putnam says that social capital is declining in the United States.

" Writing before the proliferation of the internet, Putnam claims to have found an overall decline in social capital ( really civic engagement ) in America over the past fifty years, a trend that may have significant implications for American society.

Putnam speaks of two main components of the concept: bonding social capital and bridging social capital, the creation of which Putnam credits to Ross Gittel and Avis Vidal.

Typical examples are that criminal gangs create bonding social capital, while choirs and bowling clubs ( hence the title, as Putnam lamented their decline ) create bridging social capital.

Bridging social capital is argued to have a host of other benefits for societies, governments, individuals, and communities ; Putnam likes to note that joining an organization cuts in half an individual's chance of dying within the next year.

Putnam ( 2000 ) mentions in his book Bowling Alone, " Child development is powerfully shaped by social capital " and continues " presence of social capital has been linked to various positive outcomes, particularly in education ".

The biggest advocate for seeing social capital as a geographical subject was American economist and political scientist, Robert Putnam.

In responding to skepticism, Hilary Putnam ( 1982 ) claims that semantic externalism yields " an argument we can give that shows we are not brains in a vat ( BIV ).

Putnam stated that we can easily imagine pairs of individuals that are microphysical duplicates embedded in different surroundings who use the same words but mean different things when using them.

Critics of the view have questioned the original thought experiments saying that the lessons that Putnam and later writers such as Tyler Burge ( 1979, 1982 ) have urged us to draw can be resisted.

For some theorists ( e. g., functionalists ), who define mental states in terms of causal roles, any system that can instantiate the same pattern of causal roles, regardless of physical constitution, will instantiate the same mental states, including consciousness ( Putnam, 1967 ).

And, as also proposed by Hilary Putnam and Kripke himself, Kripke's view on name can also be applied to the reference of natural kind term.

The legislation authorized the Librarian of Congress, Herbert Putnam, to “ employ competent persons to prepare such indexes, digests, and compilations of laws as may be required for Congress and other official use ...” ( The intent behind the creation of the agency can be derived from U. S. Senate, Committee on the Library, Legislative Drafting Bureau and Reference Division, 62d Cong., 3d sess., 1913, S.

J. R. Lucas in Minds, Machines and Gödel ( 1963 ), and later in his book The Freedom of the Will ( 1970 ), lays out an anti-mechanist argument closely following the one described by Putnam, including reasons for why the human mind can be considered consistent.

As observes, it can also be seen as an instance of the Davis – Putnam algorithm for solving satisfiability problems using the principle of resolution.

Putnam suggests closer studies of which forms of associations can create the greatest social capital, how various aspects of technology, changes in social equality, and public policy affect social capital.

A series of results developed in the 1940s through 1970 by Robinson, Martin Davis, Hilary Putnam, and Yuri Matiyasevich resolved this problem in the negative ; that is, they showed that no such algorithm can exist.

A statue of Forbes-Robertson by Brenda Putnam ( 1932 ) can be found at the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington D. C ..

An example of George Washington's interest in intelligence analysis and estimates can be found in instructions he wrote to General Putnam in August 1777:

( A skeptical discussion of these theories, including the supposed " alignments ," can be found in Bill Putnam and Edwin Wood's book The Treasure of Rennes-le-Château-A mystery solved.

* Brains in a vat philosophical argument against the idea that we could be in cyberspace and not know it by Hilary Putnam

In 1891, Putnam resigned his Minneapolis post due to his mother-in-law ’ s ill health, and promptly returned to Boston to be near her.

John Russell Young died in January 1899, and “ President William McKinley found himself faced with the responsibility of appointing a Librarian of Congress who should preside over the affairs of the institution whose building had been completed but years ago .” President McKinley requested Herbert Putnam to be appointed to the task, and Putnam was officially confirmed to the duties of Librarian of Congress on December 12, 1899.

Upon the confirmation of Putnam to his appointed duty of Librarian of Congress, one daunting task Putnam faced from the onset was the sheer volume of materials that had to be reorganized for the newly opened Thomas Jefferson Building – the newly appointed library for the Library of Congress.

However, Putnam was well aware of what needed to be done.

It was clear Putnam was not willing to withdraw completely from the world of librarianship, stating “ I would willingly surrender the administration, if that course would serve the interest of the library and I could feel assured as to my successor .” Putnam provided the suggestion of “ Librarian Emeritus ” be developed as his new official title, with an honorarium of one-half of his original salary.

This argument, associated with Willard Quine and Hilary Putnam, is considered by Stephen Yablo to be one of the most challenging arguments in favor of the acceptance of the existence of abstract mathematical entities, such as numbers and sets.

The tradition describes Putnam crawling into a den with a torch, a musket, and his feet secured with rope, in order to be quickly pulled out.

Recently a mural depicting General Putnam was to be returned to the newly renovated Hamilton Avenue School in Greenwich, CT. An article of April 1, 2006, entitled " Mural deemed too violent for school ", explains the mural's reception:

On April 4, 1966, Putnam announced there would be a name-the-team contest.

Compiled by her husband GP Putnam after she disappeared over the Pacific, many historians consider this book to be only partially Earhart's original work.

The area around Putnam Lake was divided into 11, 000 plots, each, which were to be occupied by summer cottages, general stores, restaurants, gas stations, dance pavilions, and taverns.

In May 1952, Memorial Field, to be dedicated to the Putnam Lake casualties of World War II, was proposed to replace the swimming pool, which had not been used since the early 1930s because it was contaminated with seepage and infested with leeches.

The Twin Earth thought experiment was a thought experiment presented by philosopher Hilary Putnam in his 1973 paper " Meaning and Reference " and subsequent 1975 paper " The Meaning of ' Meaning '", as an early argument for what has subsequently come to be known as semantic externalism.

* Physical Description: Silver-white hair, grey eyes ( though stated to be brown on page 17 of the Ace / Putnam 1990 hardcover edition ), and a petite figure.

" Putnam argues that what counts as an object cannot be determined objectively but rather only relative to someone's interests, therefore the true number of objects in the world will change relative to whose interests we have in sight.

Gridley is widely to be understood as one of the most distinguished military characters of New England, renowned for personal bravery, skilled artillerist, a scientific engineer, and a contemporary of Prescott and Putnam and Knox, of Warren and Washington.

As late as 1791, Rufus Putnam wrote to President Washington that " we shall be so reduced and discouraged as to give up the settlement.

On August 9, 1776, he was promoted to be one of the four new major generals and was put in command of the Continental Army troops on Long Island ; he chose the place for fortifications, and built the redoubts and entrenchments of Fort Putnam ( the site of current day Fort Greene Park ) east of Brooklyn Heights.