Putnam also says that television and urban sprawl have had a significant role in making America far less ' connected '.

This argument by Willard Quine and Hilary Putnam says ( in Putnam's shorter words ),

About James ' and Schiller's view, Putnam says:

Social capital is defined by Robert D. Putnam as " the collective value of all social networks and species ( who people know ) and the inclinations that arise from these works to do things for each other ( norms of reciprocity ).

However, as Putnam notes in Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community ( 2000 ), social capital has been falling in the United States.

This results in a decline in " social capital ", described by Putnam as " the collective value of all ' social networks ' and the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other ".

According to Putnam and his followers, social capital is a key component to building and maintaining democracy.

Robert Putnam has used the concept in a much more positive light: though he was at first careful to argue that social capital was a neutral term, stating “ whether or not shared are praiseworthy is, of course, entirely another matter ”, his work on American society tends to frame social capital as a producer of " civic engagement " and also a broad societal measure of communal health.

Robert D. Putnam, in his book Bowling Alone makes the argument that social capital is linked to the recent decline in American political participation.

Putnam suggested that social capital would facilitate co-operation and mutually supportive relations in communities and nations and would therefore be a valuable means of combating many of the social disorders inherent in modern societies, for example crime.

According to Robert Putnam, social capital " refers to the collective value of all ' social networks ' and the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other.

" According to Putnam and his followers, social capital is a key component to building and maintaining democracy.

Putnam believes that social capital can be measured by the amount of trust and " reciprocity " in a community or between individuals.

Fukuyama believes that bridging social capital ( a term coined by Putnam in Bowling Alone ), is essential for a strong social capital because a broader radius of trust will enable connections across borders of all sorts and serve as a basis for organizations.

" Writing before the proliferation of the internet, Putnam claims to have found an overall decline in social capital ( really civic engagement ) in America over the past fifty years, a trend that may have significant implications for American society.

Putnam speaks of two main components of the concept: bonding social capital and bridging social capital, the creation of which Putnam credits to Ross Gittel and Avis Vidal.

Typical examples are that criminal gangs create bonding social capital, while choirs and bowling clubs ( hence the title, as Putnam lamented their decline ) create bridging social capital.

Bridging social capital is argued to have a host of other benefits for societies, governments, individuals, and communities ; Putnam likes to note that joining an organization cuts in half an individual's chance of dying within the next year.

Putnam ( 2000 ) mentions in his book Bowling Alone, " Child development is powerfully shaped by social capital " and continues " presence of social capital has been linked to various positive outcomes, particularly in education ".

The biggest advocate for seeing social capital as a geographical subject was American economist and political scientist, Robert Putnam.

The basic search procedure was proposed in two seminal papers in the early 60s ( see references below ) and is now commonly referred to as the Davis – Putnam – Logemann – Loveland algorithm (" DPLL " or " DLL ").

Although Shelton's version is cherished by some, according to John Ormsby and Samuel Putnam, it was far from satisfactory as a carrying over of Cervantes's text.

Near the end of the 17th century, John Phillips, a nephew of poet John Milton, published what is considered by Putnam the worst English translated version.

What future translator Samuel Putnam called " the prevailing slapstick quality of this work, especially where Sancho Panza is involved, the obtrusion of the obscene where it is found in the original, and the slurring of difficulties through omissions or expanding upon the text " all made the Motteux version irresponsible.

According to Hilary Putnam, a former student of Hans Reichenbach and Rudolf Carnap, making an observational / theoretical distinction is meaningless.

" Putnam argues that introducing this dichotomy of observational terms and theoretical terms is the problem from which to start.

According to Robert D. Putnam, the " institutional performance " of Veneto's regional government is higher than average in Italy, thus Veneto belongs to the " civic North ".

In his pioneering study, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community ( Simon & Schuster, 2000 ), Harvard political scientist Robert D. Putnam wrote: " Henry Ward Beecher's advice a century ago to ' multiply picnics ' is not entirely ridiculous today.

Social capital ( in the institutional Robert Putnam sense ) may also lead to bad outcomes if the political institution and democracy in a specific country is not strong enough and is therefore overpowered by the social capital groups.

Contemporary mathematical empiricism, formulated by Quine and Putnam, is primarily supported by the indispensability argument: mathematics is indispensable to all empirical sciences, and if we want to believe in the reality of the phenomena described by the sciences, we ought also believe in the reality of those entities required for this description.

This argument, associated with Willard Quine and Hilary Putnam, is considered by Stephen Yablo to be one of the most challenging arguments in favor of the acceptance of the existence of abstract mathematical entities, such as numbers and sets.

The system is a series of interconnected reservoirs and lakes in northern Westchester and Putnam Counties that provides 10 % of New York City ’ s water under normal conditions and up to 30 % of the in-City consumption in times of drought.

In his Twin Earth thought experiment, Hilary Putnam asks us to imagine a scenario in which there is a substance with all of the observable properties of water ( e. g., taste, color, boiling point ), but which is chemically different from water.

* Putnam, George R. Lighthouses and Lightships of the United States.

Putnam ’ s request was granted by the United States Congress, and thus an appropriation bill was passed on April 17th, 1900.

Putnam County is the name of nine counties in the United States of America:

The Putnam County ( Fla .) Historical Society has determined that Benjamin A. Putnam is the grandson of Israel Putnam, for whom other counties and places in the United States are named.

Putnam County lost over two-thirds of its population between the years 1900 and 2000 ( see census data below ), when the United States changed from a rural to an urban country.

Putnam County is a county located in the state of Ohio, United States.

In late July 1937, Putnam chartered two small boats and while he remained in the United States, directed a search of the Phoenix Islands, Christmas ( Kiritimati ) Island, Fanning ( Tabuaeran ) Island, the Gilbert Islands and the Marshall Islands, but no trace of the Electra or its occupants was found.

Back in the United States, Putnam acted to become the trustee of Earhart's estate so that he could pay for the searches and related bills.

Fraziers Bottom is an unincorporated community in Putnam County, West Virginia, United States.

Pliny is an unincorporated community in Putnam County, West Virginia, United States.

Putnam is a town in Windham County, Connecticut, United States.

Crescent City is a city in Putnam County, Florida, United States.

East Palatka is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Putnam County, Florida, United States.

Interlachen is a town in Putnam County, Florida, United States.

Pomona Park is a town in Putnam County, Florida, United States.

Eatonton is a city in Putnam County, Georgia, United States.

Granville is a village in Putnam County, Illinois, United States.

Hennepin is a village on the Illinois River in Putnam County, Illinois, United States.

Magnolia is a village in Putnam County, Illinois, United States.

Mark is a village in Putnam County, Illinois, United States.

McNabb is a village in Putnam County, Illinois, United States.