* Social capital, the value of social networks to individuals embedded in them

Social capital is defined by Robert D. Putnam as " the collective value of all social networks and species ( who people know ) and the inclinations that arise from these works to do things for each other ( norms of reciprocity ).

" Social capital in action can be seen in all sorts of groups, including neighbors keeping an eye on each other's homes.

Social capital is often hard to define, but to one textbook-Microeconomics in Context-it is:

# Social progress is driven by progress in the material, productive forces a society has at its disposal ( technology, labour, capital goods, etc.

* Social capital

* Social capital

Edwards and Foley, as editors of a special edition of the American Behavioural Scientist on " Social Capital, Civil Society and Contemporary Democracy ", raised two key issues in the study of social capital.

Social capital lends itself to multiple definitions, interpretations, and uses.

Social capital has been used at various times to explain superior managerial performance, improved performance of functionally diverse groups, the value derived from strategic alliances, and enhanced supply chain relations.

In " Social Capital and Development: The Coming Agenda ," Francis Fukuyama points out that there isn't an agreed definition of social capital, so he explains it as " shared norms or values that promote social cooperation, instantiated in actual social relationships " ( Fukuyama, 27 ), and uses this definition throughout this paper.

The Social Capital Foundation ( TSCF ) suggested that social capital should not be mixed up with its manifestations.

In this definition, social capital is a collective mental disposition close to the spirit of community .< ref >" The Social Capital Foundation ", Citizendium, The Citizen Compendium, < http :// en. citizendium. org / wiki / The_Social_Capital_Foundation >.</ ref >

Social Capital Theory gained importance through the integration of classical sociological theory with the description of an intangible form of capital.

' Social capital can only be generated collectively thanks to the presence of communities and social networks, but individuals and groups can use it at the same time.

Social Capitalism posits that a strong social support network for the poor enhances capital output.

Social capital development on the internet via social networking websites such as Facebook or Myspace tends to be bridging capital according to one study, though " virtual " social capital is a new area of research.

Social capital offers a wealth of resources and networks that facilitate political engagement.

Social capital affects health risk behavior in the sense that individuals who are embedded in a network or community rich in support, social trust, information, and norms, have resources that help achieve health goals.

Social capital also encourages social trust and membership.

Social capital is particularly important in terms of education.

Kilpatrick, S & Johns, S & Mulford B 2010, ‘ Social capital, educational institutions and leadership ’, in E Baker, B McGraw & P Peterson ( eds ), The International encyclopedia of education, 3rd edn, Elsevier Science, Oxford, pp. 113-19.

20 %- 20 % of the shares were sold to foreign institutional investors and given to the Social Security organizations, 5 % were bought by employees, and 8 % was offered at the Budapest Stock Exchange.

* Policy Economics and Social Science division focuses on social and economic analysis of the aquaculture and fisheries sectors ; connecting the fisheries and aquaculture sector to poverty reduction initiatives at local to global scales ; policy and institutional analysis for the improved governance of aquatic resources ; assessing the potential impacts of climate change on fisheries and adaptive measures that can be taken ; and human health consequences of fisheries, reducing risks, and fisheries options that benefit health-impaired populations ( HIV / AIDS and malaria ).

" Social security fund " is a central, state or local institutional unit whose main activity is to provide social benefits.

The Institute for Social Research () is a research organization for sociology and continental philosophy, best known as the institutional home of the Frankfurt School and critical theory.

A 2007 survey sponsored by OrphanAid Africa and carried out by the Department of Social Welfare came up with the figure of 4, 800 children in institutional care in 148 orphanages.

* Ethnology of leprosy Social aspects of lepers community in Mali, place of patients associations, link between institutional and informal actions

# Social Structure: how the various institutional orders in a society operate, which ones are dominant, how they are held together, how they might be changing, etc.

The new department, however was poorly focused and had a wide range of institutional cultures from the merged bureaucracies ; it also had one of the larger departmental budgets and a variety of responsibilities ranging from the Unemployment Insurance program to the issuance of Social Insurance Numbers and job training and counselling.

The University of Frankfurt is historically best known for the Institute for Social Research ( founded 1924 ), institutional home of the Frankfurt School, a preeminent 20th century school of philosophy and social thought.

Social informatics is the study of information and communication tools in cultural, or institutional contexts.

Social issues such as racial profiling, the racial disparity in sentencing, higher rates of poverty, institutional racism, and lower access to health care are important to the African-American community.

As of December 2005, the School of Social Sciences and the School of Arts and Humanities were combined, as were the School of Engineering and the School of Sciences, to form two new schools as part of an institutional plan to offer students a broader education.

Social, economic, and political factors constitute an institutional structure of a particular environment which provides firms with advantages for engaging in specific types of activities there.

* Putnam, Robert D. Democracies in Flux: The Evolution of Social Capital in Contemporary Society.

* In the timeline of Robert Heinlein's utopian novel For Us, the Living – written in 1939 but only published posthumously in 2003 – LaGuardia is elected President in 1951 and serves two terms as a militant reforming president, effectively nationalizing the banking system and instituting a system of Social Credit.

* Weir, Robert E. Knights Unhorsed: Internal Conflict in Gilded Age Social Movement ( Wayne State University Press, 2000 )

* Samuel C. Patterson and Robert S. Walker, " The Political Attitudes of Oklahoma Newspapers Editors: The Prohibition Issue ," The Southwestern Social Science Quarterly ( 1961 )

Serendipity is used as a sociological method in Anselm L. Strauss ' and Barney G. Glaser's Grounded Theory, building on ideas by sociologist Robert K. Merton, who in Social Theory and Social Structure ( 1949 ) referred to the " serendipity pattern " as the fairly common experience of observing an unanticipated, anomalous and strategic datum which becomes the occasion for developing a new theory or for extending an existing theory.

Yet during the two years during which he worked on the Project, Adorno was nevertheless prolific, publishing “ The Radio Sympthony ,” “ A Social Critique of Radio Music ” and “ On Popular Music ,” texts which, along with the draft memorandum and other unpublished writings, which are now found in Robert Hullot-Kentor ’ s recent translation, Current of Music.

The tempera medium was used by American artists such as the Regionalists Andrew Wyeth, Thomas Hart Benton and his student Roger Medearis ; expressionists Ben Shahn, Mitchell Siporin and John Langley Howard, magic realists George Tooker, Paul Cadmus, Jared French, Julia Thecla and Louise E. Marianetti ; Art Students League of New York instructors Kenneth Hayes Miller and William C. Palmer, Social Realists Isabel Bishop, Reginald Marsh, and Noel Rockmore, Edward Laning, Anton Refregier, Jacob Lawrence, Rudolph F. Zallinger, Robert Vickrey, Peter Hurd, and science fiction artist John Schoenherr, notable as the cover artist of Dune.

For example, Robert M. Page, a Reader in Democratic Socialism and Social Policy at the University of Birmingham, writes about " transformative democratic socialism " to refer to the politics of the Clement Attlee government ( a strong welfare state, fiscal redistribution, some nationalisation ) and " revisionist democratic socialism ," as developed by Anthony Crosland and Harold Wilson:

* David Gauthier and Robert Sugden, eds., Rationality, Justice and the Social Contract: Themes from Morals by Agreement ( Hertfordshire: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993 ).

American sociologist Robert K. Merton ( 1910 – 2003 ) dedicates a section of Social Theory and Social Structure ( 1949 ; revised and expanded, 1957 and 1968 ) to the study of the sociology of knowledge in Part III, titled The Sociology of Knowledge and Mass Communications.

Daniel Brook's " The Trap " ( 2007 ), Robert Frank's " Falling Behind " ( 2007 ), Robert Chernomas and Ian Hudson's " Social Murder " ( 2007 ), and Richard G. Wilkinson's " The Impact of Inequality " ( 2005 ) all claim high inequality is spurred by neoliberal policies and produces profound political, social, economic, health, and environmental constraints and problems.

* The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action by Robert K. Merton, American Sociological Review, Vol 1 Issue 6, Dec 1936, pp. 894 – 904

Muncie was lightly disguised as " Middletown " by a team of sociologists, led by Robert and Helen Lynd, who were only the first to conduct a series of studies in Muncie — considered a typical Middle-American community — in their case, a study funded by the Rockefeller Institute of Social and Religious Research.

Members of the Milltown Borough Council ( with their chairmanship listed in parentheses ) are Council President Richard Ryan ( Public Works and Recycling ), Gary Holsten ( Environmental, Health and Social Services ), George Murray ( Public Safety ), Robert Owens ( Parks and Recreation ) and Joseph Pietanza ( Finance, Planning and Administration ).

* Robert A. Beck ( 1925 – 97 ), Chairman & CEO, Prudential Financial, was appointed by Ronald Reagan to the National Commission on Social Security Reform.

* McMath, Robert C., Jr. American Populism: A Social History, 1877-1898.

The first focus groups were created at the Bureau of Applied Social Research in the USA, by associate director, sociologist Robert K. Merton.

* Chapter 6, Social Constructivism in Robert Jackson and Georg Sørensen, Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches, Third Edition, OUP 2006

Robert A. Heinlein described a Social Credit economy in his posthumously-published first novel, For Us, The Living: A Comedy of Customs, and his Beyond This Horizon describes a similar system in less detail.

In his novel The Trick Top Hat, part of his Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy, Robert Anton Wilson described the implementation by the President of an alternate future United States of an altered form of Social Credit, in which the government issues a National Dividend to all citizens in the form of " trade aids ," which can be spent like money but which cannot be lent at interest ( in order to mollify the banking industry ) and which eventually expire ( to prevent inflation and hoarding ).