According to the Consumer Federation of America and the National Consumer Law Center, RALs are controversial because, like payday loans and title loans, RALs are high-profit, low-risk loans marketed toward the working poor.

Supporters of RALs may contend that the fees are justified by the high risk of default associated with these short-term loans, since there is a possibility that the IRS will issue a reduced refund or none at all, depending on whether the taxpayer followed the correct procedures in calculating his or her tax.

The question remains whether consumers in a free-market are better able to determine their need for various high cost financial products including pawn shops, check cashers, and RALs or whether people need protection from these products by the government.

Opponents of RALs, like as the National Consumer Law Center, argue that the profit motive of the lender results in RALs being issued too often to low-income individuals who are made to believe the wait for their refund is longer than it really is, who do not realize they are taking a loan, do not understand the high interest rates charged by the loan ( often exceeding 100 % APR until the last two tax filing seasons ), and who do not actually need the funds immediately.

Under the National Bank Act, national banks and their agents who make RALs are broadly excluded from regulating RALs.

RALs began in the 1980s when the IRS introduced electronic filing as a way to decrease its cost of operation.

This has rendered RALs less attractive to some.

In 2002, H & R Block settled a lawsuit brought by the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs for predatory lending practices with regard to RALs and the EITC.

A 2006 study by the NCLC and the Consumer Federation of America found that " Based upon the prices for RALs in 2006, a consumer can expect to pay about $ 100 in

such are simply not within his bounded province.

His light blue eyes, set deep within the face, are actively and continually looking.

The party is usually in a room small enough so that all guests are within sight and hearing of one another.

The Axioms required to make the theoretical machinery operate are set out tersely and powerfully, so that all permissible operations within the theory can be traced rigorously back to these axioms, rules, and primitive notions.

The lower-level hypotheses are never ' ad hoc ', never introduced ex post facto just to sweep up within the theory some recalcitrant datum.

they include harmonies and conflicts within the whole man, and mechanisms whereby inner components are more or less smoothly met.

It is not implied that formal principles and procedures are so firmly entrenched within the public order of the world community or even of free commonwealths that they will control in all circumstances involving Jews and Gentiles during coming years.

Ordinary methods of diplomacy within the free world are inadequate, said the former Prime Minister.

SBA offers Administrative Management Courses, which are designed to improve the management efficiency and `` know-how '' of small business concerns within a community.

On the basis that all citizens of the state are entitled to benefit equally in the development of its resources, plans for the provision of essential services ( such as water ) will be based on need regardless of arbitrary political boundaries, within the framework of the state plan.

and ( C ) to finance, for not more than three years beyond the end of said period, such activities as are required to correlate, coordinate, and round out the results of studies and research undertaken pursuant to this Act: Provided, That funds available in any one year for research and development may, subject to the approval of the Secretary of State to assure that such activities are consistent with the foreign policy objectives of the United States, be expended in cooperation with public or private agencies in foreign countries in the development of processes useful to the program in the United States: And provided further, That every such contract or agreement made with any public or private agency in a foreign country shall contain provisions effective to insure that the results or information developed in connection therewith shall be available without cost to the United States for the use of the United States throughout the world and for the use of the general public within the United States.

Spherical concave backing surfaces support the diaphragm when excessive pressures are applied and prevent the stresses within the diaphragm from exceeding the elastic limit.

The already appropriated funds within the discretion of the President and Secretary of State under the Mutual Security Act are the only immediately available source of financing this summer's pilot programs of the Peace Corps.

In the event the rupees set aside for loans under Section 104 ( E ) of the Act are not advanced within six years from the date of this Agreement because the Export-Import Bank of Washington has not approved loans or because proposed loans have not been mutually agreeable to the Export-Import Bank of Washington and the Department of Economic Affairs of the Government of India, the Government of the United States of America may use the rupees for any purpose authorized by Section 104 of the Act.

By this standard, it is determined that where two stations operating on the same frequency are involved, objectionable interference from station A exists at any point within the service area of station B where station A's signal is of an intensity one-twentieth or more of the strength of station B's signal at that point.

The 20-to-1 ratio for cochannel interference embodies one of the fundamental limiting principles which we must always take into account in AM assignments and allocations -- that signals from a particular station are potential sources of objectionable interference over an area much greater than that within which they provide useful service.

And lest anybody think that considerations such as these are not germane in a foundation report, let me enlighten them with the truths that, under Communism there would have been no capital with which to endow the Foundation, and that there would not be that individual freedom within which the Fellows might proceed, untrammeled in every way, toward their discoveries, their creative efforts for the good of mankind.

At this point it should be painfully obvious that cities, being `` soft '', and the people within them are ideally suited to destruction by nuclear weapons.

There are more than 8,000,000 recreational boats in use in the United States with almost 10,000,000 the prediction for within the next decade.

The sizes of pieces needed for the interlocking frame are shown in the notes within Fig. 7, most of the bars being 1/8'' '' brass in 1/4'' '' and 1/2'' '' widths.

( 2 ) Mechanized bunks -- they sit within the feed lot, are filled by a mechanical conveyor above feeding surface ; ;

The essential difference between the new trans-illuminated boards and existing billboards is that the former, constructed of translucent plastic panels, are lighted from within.

At some cities, this pick-up and delivery service is without additional charge, and, if you are budget-wise, when you are planning your itinerary, you will take advantage of these free delivery and collection stations in major cities within the larger European countries.

Field does the planning for the machine operations and fiscal processes and the adapting of the data processing system to new programs as they are made necessary by legislative and policy changes.

Both these types, and those in between, are in existence by reason of a legislative interest in libraries that began at Albany as early as 1950, with the creation by the legislature of county library systems financed by county governments with matching funds from the state.

However, commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibacterials, attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibacterials, and to the time required for research to test causal links between antibacterial use and resistance.

Specifically, corporations are accused of seeking to maximize profit at the expense of work safety conditions and standards, labor hiring and compensation standards, environmental conservation principles, and the integrity of national legislative authority, independence and sovereignty.

In the United States, many government agencies are organized under the executive branch of government, although a few are part of the judicial or legislative branches.

Common law systems place great weight on court decisions, which are considered " law " with the same force of law as statutes — for nearly a millennium, common law courts have had the authority to make law where no legislative statute exists, and statutes mean what courts interpret them to mean.

First, common law courts are not absolutely bound by precedent, but can ( when extraordinarily good reason is shown ) reinterpret and revise the law, without legislative intervention, to adapt to new trends in political, legal and social philosophy.

While Israeli law is undergoing codification, its basic principles are inherited from the law of the British Mandate of Palestine and thus resemble those of British and American law, namely: the role of courts in creating the body of law and the authority of the supreme court in reviewing and if necessary overturning legislative and executive decisions, as well as employing the adversarial system.

Government powers in Croatia are divided into legislative, executive and judiciary powers.

Legislation must conform to a theory of legitimacy, which describes the circumstances under which a particular person or group is entitled to make law, and a theory of legislative justice, which describes the law they are entitled or obliged to make.

The vast majority of laws are now subject to the ordinary legislative procedure, which works on the principle that consent from both the Council and Parliament are required before a law may be adopted.

The few other areas that operate the special legislative procedures are justice & home affairs, budget and taxation and certain aspects of other policy areas: such as the fiscal aspects of environmental policy.

The legal instruments used by the Council for the Common Foreign and Security Policy are different from the legislative acts.

These do not have any legislative authority, and are wholly dependent upon ecclesial support.

These principles are reflected in all citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to legislative processes.

The Shura Council's legislative powers are limited.

This has produced an interesting party structure in which there are two broad coalitions of parties which cooperate in executive elections but which compete internally in legislative elections.

In the United States Senate, they are elected by their respective party conferences to serve as the chief Senate spokesmen for their parties and to manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate.

Sir Robert Garran noted as early as 1901 that the governor-general was distinguished from other Empire governors-general by the fact that " the principal and most important of his powers and functions, legislative as well as executive, are expressly conferred on him by the terms of the Constitution itself.

They are legislative and executive powers and functions conferred on the Governor-General, not by Royal authority, but by statutory authority ," a view held also by Andrew Inglis Clark, who assisted Sir Samuel Griffith with drafts of the constitution and later became Senior Judge of the Supreme Court of Tasmania.

The pirates learn of the deception and re-capture the Major-General, but when it is revealed that the pirates are all peers, the Major-General bids them: " resume your ranks and legislative duties, and take my daughters, all of whom are beauties!

Heads of state generally enjoy widest inviolability, although some states allow impeachment, or a similar constitutional procedure by which the highest legislative or judicial authorities are empowered to revoke the head of state's mandate on exceptional grounds.