Genes that require regular access by RNA polymerase require the looser structure provided by euchromatin.

For additional information see Histone modifications in chromatin regulation and RNA polymerase control by chromatin structure

These play a dual role of a site of recognition by many proteins and as a sink for torsional stress from RNA polymerase or nucleosome binding.

In genetics, complementary DNA ( cDNA ) is DNA synthesized from a messenger RNA ( mRNA ) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase and the enzyme DNA polymerase.

The ancestral genome was complex with at least 41 genes including ( 1 ) the replication machinery ( 2 ) up to four RNA polymerase subunits ( 3 ) at least three transcription factors ( 4 ) capping and polyadenylation enzymes ( 5 ) the DNA packaging apparatus ( 6 ) and structural components of an icosahedral capsid and the viral membrane.

All cellular life forms and many DNA viruses, phages and plasmids use a primase to synthesize a short RNA primer with a free 3 ′ OH group which is subsequently elongated by a DNA polymerase.

RNase removes the RNA fragments used to initiate replication by DNA polymerase, and another DNA Polymerase enters to fill the gaps.

When RNA polymerase transcribes these regions, it recruits the N and forms a complex with several host Nus proteins.

# N protein binds to boxB in each transcript, and contacts the transcribing RNA polymerase via RNA looping.

Q is similar to N in its effect: Q binds to RNA polymerase in Qut sites and the resulting complex can ignore terminators, however the mechanism is very different ; the Q protein first associates with a DNA sequence rather than an mRNA sequence.

# The Qut site is very close to the P < sub > R ’</ sub > promoter, close enough that the σ factor has not been released from the RNA polymerase holoenzyme.

This activates transcription in the other direction from P < sub > RM </ sub >, as the N terminal domain of cI on OR2 tightens the binding of RNA polymerase to P < sub > RM </ sub > and hence cI stimulates its own transcription.

Binding of cI at OR1 stimulates an almost simultaneous cI binding to OR2 via cooperative binding ( via cI C terminal domain interactions ) N terminal domain of cI on OR2 tightens the binding of RNA polymerase holoenzyme complex to pRM and hence stimulate its own transcription.

N ; ( aNtiterminator ) RNA binding protein and RNA polymerase cofactor, binds RNA ( at Nut sites ) and transfers onto the nascent RNApol that just transcribed the nut site.

This RNApol modification prevents its recognition of termination sites, so normal RNA polymerase termination signals are ignored and RNA synthesis continues into distal phage genes.

During transcription, RNA polymerase makes a copy of a gene from the DNA to mRNA as needed.

One notable difference, however, is that prokaryotic RNA polymerase associates with mRNA-processing enzymes during transcription so that processing can proceed quickly after the start of transcription.

Shortly after the start of transcription, the 5 ' end of the mRNA being synthesized is bound by a cap-synthesizing complex associated with RNA polymerase.

After transcription has been terminated, the mRNA chain is cleaved through the action of an endonuclease complex associated with RNA polymerase.

During genome replication the circularization acts to enhance genome replication speeds, cycling viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase much the same as the ribosome is hypothesized to cycle.

* Nucleic acid thermodynamics, includes the annealing of DNA or RNA pairing by hydrogen bonds to a complementary sequence, forming a double-stranded polynucleotide

An autoantigen is usually a normal protein or complex of proteins ( and sometimes DNA or RNA ) that is recognized by the immune system of patients suffering from a specific autoimmune disease.

Other areas of biochemistry include the genetic code ( DNA, RNA ), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport and signal transduction.

The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ).

Also, the nitrogenous bases possible in the two nucleic acids are different: adenine, cytosine, and guanine occur in both RNA and DNA, while thymine occurs only in DNA and uracil occurs in RNA.

* Base pair, a pair of connected nucleotides on complementary DNA and RNA strands

* Nucleobase, in genetics, the parts of DNA and RNA involved in forming base pairs

Bioinformatics is a branch of biological science which deals with the study of methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as nucleic acid ( DNA / RNA ) and protein sequence, structure, function, pathways and genetic interactions.

In molecular biology and genetics, the linking between two nitrogenous bases on opposite complementary DNA or certain types of RNA strands that are connected via hydrogen bonds is called a base pair ( often abbreviated bp ).

A kilobase ( kb ) is a unit of measurement in molecular biology equal to 1000 base pairs of DNA or RNA.

Paired DNA and RNA molecules are comparatively stable at room temperature but the two nucleotide strands will separate above a melting point that is determined by the length of the molecules, the extent of mispairing ( if any ), and the GC content.

Base stacking interactions in DNA and RNA are due to dispersion attraction, short-range exchange repulsion, and electrostatic interactions, which also contribute to stability.

For case of single stranded DNA / RNA units of nucleotides are used, abbreviated nt ( or knt, Mnt, Gnt ), as they are not paired.

** viruses: DNA viruses — RNA viruses — retroviruses

**** DNA — RNA

** genetic structure: DNA — DNA replication — nucleosome — genetic code — codon — transcription factor — transcription — translation — RNA — histone — telomere

** molecular genetics: DNA fingerprinting — genetic fingerprint — microsatellite — gene knockout — imprinting — RNA interference

* Blot ( biology ), method of transferring proteins, DNA, RNA or a protein onto a carrier.

All known forms of life are based on the same fundamental biochemical organisation: genetic information encoded in DNA, transcribed into RNA, through the effect of protein-and RNA-enzymes, then translated into proteins by ( highly similar ) ribosomes, with ATP, NADH and others as energy sources, etc.

Through this portal, viral DNA or RNA is transported into the capsid.

The simplest genophores are found in viruses: these DNA or RNA molecules are short linear or circular genophores that often lack structural proteins.