Ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins.

Ribonucleic acid (; RNA ) is part of a group of molecules known as the nucleic acids, which are one of the four major macromolecules ( along with lipids, carbohydrates and proteins ) essential for all known forms of life.

Ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) is an important nucleic acid consisting of a string of covalently bound nucleotides.

* Ribonucleic acid

* Nucleic acid thermodynamics, includes the annealing of DNA or RNA pairing by hydrogen bonds to a complementary sequence, forming a double-stranded polynucleotide

The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ).

Bioinformatics is a branch of biological science which deals with the study of methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as nucleic acid ( DNA / RNA ) and protein sequence, structure, function, pathways and genetic interactions.

Ribosomes contain the nucleic acid RNA, which assembles and joins amino acids to make proteins.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (; DNA ) is a nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms ( with the exception of RNA viruses ).

The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription.

In addition to RNA and DNA a large number of artificial nucleic acid analogues have also been created to study the proprieties of nucleic acids, or for use in biotechnology.

A protein is created by ribosomes that " read " RNA that is encoded by codons in the gene and assemble the requisite amino acid combination from the genetic instruction, in a process known as translation.

They used a cell-free system to translate a poly-uracil RNA sequence ( i. e., UUUUU ...) and discovered that the polypeptide that they had synthesized consisted of only the amino acid phenylalanine.

Recent experiments show that of the 8 amino acids tested, 6 show some RNA triplet-amino acid association.

Although introns are sometimes called intervening sequences, the term " intervening sequence " can refer to any of several families of internal nucleic acid sequences that are not present in the final gene product, including inteins, untranslated sequences ( UTR ), and nucleotides removed by RNA editing, in addition to introns.

This process of translation of codons into amino acids requires two other types of RNA: Transfer RNA ( tRNA ), that mediates recognition of the codon and provides the corresponding amino acid, and ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ), that is the central component of the ribosome's protein-manufacturing machinery.

They include DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid ) and RNA ( ribonucleic acid ).

The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA, members of a family of biopolymers, and is synonymous with polynucleotide.

Well-studied biological nucleic acid molecules range in size from 21 nucleotides ( small interfering RNA ) to large chromosomes ( human chromosome 1 is a single molecule that contains 247 million base pairs ).

There are numerous exceptions, however — some viruses have genomes made of double-stranded RNA and other viruses have single-stranded DNA genomes, and, in some circumstances, nucleic acid structures with three or four strands can form.

Nucleic acid types differ in the structure of the sugar in their nucleotides-DNA contains 2 '- deoxyribose while RNA contains ribose ( where the only difference is the presence of a hydroxyl group ).

Also, the nucleobases found in the two nucleic acid types are different: adenine, cytosine, and guanine are found in both RNA and DNA, while thymine occurs in DNA and uracil occurs in RNA.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (/ diˌɒksiˌraɪbɵ. njuːˌkleɪ. ɨk ˈæsɪd /; DNA ) is a nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms ( with the exception of RNA viruses ).

Will advances in human sciences help us build social structures and governments which will enable us to cope with people as effectively as the primitive combination of protein and nucleic acid built a structure of molecules which enabled it to adapt to a sea of molecular interaction??

The polyester urethane foam is generally produced with adipic acid polyesters ; ;

Some tree frogs with limited access to water excrete most of their metabolic waste as uric acid.

Zinc, a typical metal, reacting with hydrochloric acid, a typical acid

An acid ( from the Latin acidus / acēre meaning sour ) is a substance which reacts with a base.

As with the acetic acid reactions, both definitions work for the first example, where water is the solvent and hydronium ion is formed.

A proton is transferred from an unspecified Brønsted acid to ammonia, a Brønsted base ; alternatively, ammonia acts as a Lewis base and transfers a lone pair of electrons to form a bond with a hydrogen ion.

After cyclotron irradiation, the coating was dissolved with nitric acid, and then precipitated as the hydroxide using concentrated aqueous ammonia solution.

However, astatine has a few metallic characteristics as well, such as plating out on a cathode, coprecipitating with metal sulfides in hydrochloric acid, and forming a cation in strong acidic solutions.

Most acid soils are saturated with aluminium rather than hydrogen ions.

The seeds have an oily endosperm and generally contain large quantities of fatty oils, with the fatty acid petroselinic acid occurring universally throughout the family while rarely being found outside of the Apiaceae.

Amino acids (,, or ) are biologically important molecules made from amine (- NH < sub > 2 </ sub >) and carboxylic acid (- COOH ) functional groups, along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid.

These polymers are linear and unbranched, with each amino acid within the chain attached to two neighboring amino acids.

If amber is heated under the right conditions, oil of amber is produced, and in past times this was combined carefully with nitric acid to create " artificial musk " – a resin with a peculiar musky odor.

The chromaffin cells of the medulla, named for their characteristic brown staining with chromic acid salts, are the body's main source of the circulating catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Since 1998, Harvard University wraps some of the valuable statues on its campus, such as this " Harvard Bixi | Chinese stele ", with waterproof covers every winter, in order to protect them from erosion caused by acid rain.

Reaction takes place on treatment of alkenes with strong acid as catalyst.

* from reaction of a triphenylphosphinyl ester with an acid halide, a Wittig reaction accompanied by dehydrohalogenation

The Arrhenius definition of acid – base reactions is a development of the hydrogen theory of acids, devised by Svante Arrhenius, which was used to provide a modern definition of acids and bases that followed from his work with Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald in establishing the presence of ions in aqueous solution in 1884, and led to Arrhenius receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903 for " recognition of the extraordinary services ... rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation ".

More recent IUPAC recommendations now suggest the newer term " hydronium " be used in favor of the older accepted term " oxonium " to illustrate reaction mechanisms such as those defined in the Brønsted – Lowry and solvent system definitions more clearly, with the Arrhenius definition serving as a simple general outline of acid – base character.

The problem of acid rain has not only increased with population and industrial growth, but has become more widespread.