Sakharov later described that " it took years " for him " to understand how much substitution, deceit, and lack of correspondence with reality there was " in the Soviet ideals.

Despite its promise of nuclear safety, SDI was described by many of its critics ( including Soviet nuclear physicist and later peace activist Andrei Sakharov ) as being even more dangerous than MAD because of these political implications.

Sakharov, a nuclear physicist who had overseen the development of the hydrogen bomb for the U. S. S. R., had later become the nation's most famous dissident.

The first magneto-explosive generators, which followed from the ideas of Andrei Sakharov, were designed to fill this role.

The Sakharov Prize, which is awarded annually by the European Parliament for people and organizations dedicated to human rights and freedoms, is named in his honor.

" While Sakharov strongly disagreed with Teller over nuclear testing in the atmosphere and Strategic Defense Initiative, he believed that American academics had been unfair to Teller ’ s resolve to get the H-bomb for the United States since " all steps by the Americans of a temporary or permanent rejection of developing thermonuclear weapons would have been seen either as a clever feint, or as the manifestation of stupidity.

Sakharov never felt that by creating nuclear weapons he had " known sin ," in Oppenheimer ’ s haunting expression.

Sakharov, in association with Igor Tamm, proposed confining extremely hot ionized plasma by torus shaped magnetic fields for controlling thermonuclear fusion that led to the development of the tokamak device.

Sakharov then tested a MK-driven " plasma cannon " where a small aluminium ring was vaporized by huge eddy currents into a stable, self-confined toroidal plasmoid and was accelerated to 100 km / s.

Sakharov achieved there a complete CPT symmetry since the second sheet is enantiomorph ( P-symmetry ), has an opposite arrow of time ( T-symmetry ) and is mainly populated by antimatter ( C-symmetry ) because of an opposite CP-violation.

In a secret detailed letter to the Soviet leadership of July 21, 1967, Sakharov explains the need to " take the Americans at their word " and accept their proposal " for a bilateral rejection by the USA and the Soviet Union of the development of antiballistic missile defense ", because otherwise an arms race in this new technology would increase the likelihood of nuclear war.

After this essay was circulated in samizdat and then published outside the Soviet Union ( initially on July 6, 1968, in the Dutch newspaper Het Parool through intermediary of the Dutch academic and writer Karel van het Reve, followed by The New York Times ), Sakharov was banned from all military-related research and returned to FIAN to study fundamental theoretical physics.

Sakharov was named the 1980 Humanist of the Year by the American Humanist Association.

In 1988, Sakharov was given the International Humanist Award by the International Humanist and Ethical Union.

The Sakharov Prize, established in 1988 and awarded annually by the European Parliament for people and organizations dedicated to human rights and freedoms, was named in his honor.

An Andrei Sakharov prize is also to be awarded by the American Physical Society every second year from 2006, " to recognize outstanding leadership and / or achievements of scientists in upholding human rights ".

* The fictitious interplanetary spacecraft Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov from the novel 2010: Odyssey Two by Arthur C. Clarke is powered by a fictitious Sakharov drive.

The theory of baryogenesis was worked out by Andrei Sakharov in 1967, and requires a violation of the particle physics symmetry, called CP-symmetry, between matter and antimatter.

( Contains an introduction by Archimandrite Sophrony ( Sakharov ), immediate disciple of St Silouan, together with the meditations of St Silouan ( 1866 – 1938 ).

Tokamaks were invented in the 1950s by Soviet physicists Igor Tamm and Andrei Sakharov, inspired by an original idea of Oleg Lavrentiev.

* Induced gravity ( 1967 ), a proposal by Andrei Sakharov according to which general relativity might arise from quantum field theories of matter

The concept of the explosively pumped flux compression generator for generating a non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse was conceived as early as 1951 by Andrei Sakharov in the Soviet Union, but nations have usually kept their most recent work on non-nuclear EMP highly classified until the technology was old enough for similar ideas to be conceived by physicists in other nations.

On August 12, 1953, the Soviets detonated their RDS-6s device, which incorporated the Sloika design that had been developed by Andrei Sakharov and Vitaly Ginzburg.

In 1951, together with Andrei Sakharov, Tamm proposed a tokamak system of the realization of CTF on the basis of toroidal magnetic thermonuclear reactor and soon after the first such devices were built by the INF, resulting the T-3 Soviet magnetic confinement device from 1968, when the plasma parameters unique for that time were obtained, of showing the temperatures in their machine to be over an order of magnitude higher than what was expected by the rest of the community.

The next breakthrough was discovered and developed by Sakharov and Yakov Zeldovich, that of using the X-rays from the fission bomb to compress the secondary before fusion (" radiation implosion "), in the spring of 1954.

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (; May 21, 1921 – December 14, 1989 ) was a Soviet nuclear physicist, dissident and human rights activist.

A larger variation of the same design which Sakharov worked on was the 50MT Tsar Bomba of October 1961, which was the most powerful nuclear device ever exploded.

Politically active during the 1960s, Sakharov was against nuclear proliferation.

Certain citizens who had become prominent enough to safely criticize the Soviet government, such as Andrei Sakharov, did speak out against nuclear weapons, but that was to little effect.

Shortly after the Tsar Bomba was detonated, Sakharov began speaking out against nuclear weapons, which culminated in his becoming a dissident.

* 1950-An idea of nuclear fusion reactor tokamak was proposed by soviet scientists Andrei Sakharov and Igor Tamm.

Along with Georgy Flyorov and Andrei Sakharov, Kurchatov is widely remembered and dubbed as the " father of the Soviet atomic bomb " for his directorial role in the development of the Soviet nuclear program, in a clandestine program during World War II formed in the wake of the USSR's discovery of the Western Allied efforts to develop nuclear weapons.

* December 14 – Andrei Sakharov ( born 1921 ), nuclear physicist.

In 1984, after publishing an article by Andrei Sakharov in the United States urging a buildup of nuclear weapons in the West, Soviet officials declared him " a talented, but sick man.

In October 1970, while attending the trial of human rights activists Revol't ( Ivanovich ) Pimenov and Boris Vail in Kaluga, Bonner met Andrei Sakharov, a nuclear physicist and human rights activist.

* Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov — an eminent Soviet nuclear physicist, dissident and human rights activist, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975.

* Soviet nuclear physicist and dissident Andrei Sakharov was announced as the recipient of the 1975 Nobel Peace Prize, but was not allowed to travel to Oslo to accept it.

Sakharov was an advocate of civil liberties and civil reforms in the Soviet Union.

Sakharov was born in Moscow on May 21, 1921.

His father was Dmitri Ivanovich Sakharov, a private school physics teacher and an amateur pianist.

Sakharov entered Moscow State University in 1938.

After the end of World War II, Sakharov researched cosmic rays.

After moving to Sarov in 1950, Sakharov played a key role in the development of the first megaton-range Soviet hydrogen bomb using a design known as " Sakharov's Third Idea " in Russia and the Teller-Ulam design in the United States.

Sakharov saw " striking parallels " between his fate and those of J. Robert Oppenheimer and Edward Teller in the USA.

While in the view of most American academics the two were as diametrically opposed as good and evil, Sakharov believed that in this " tragic confrontation of two outstanding people ," both deserved respect, because " each of them was certain he had right on his side and was morally obligated to go to the end in the name of truth.

After 1965 Sakharov returned to fundamental science and began working on particle physics and cosmology.

Sakharov called such singularities a collapse and an anticollapse, which are an alternative to the couple black hole and white hole in the wormhole theory.

Sakharov also proposed the idea of induced gravity as an alternative theory of quantum gravity.

A discussion about the methods of the political use of technology in the creation of a super-bomb began the ideological divergence between Andrei Sakharov and Nikita Khrushchev.

From the late 1950s Sakharov had become concerned about the moral and political implications of his work.

The major turn in Sakharov ’ s political evolution came in 1967, when anti-ballistic missile defense became a key issue in US – Soviet relations.