Sakharov later suggested to replace the copper coil in MK generators by a big superconductor solenoid to magnetically compress and focus underground nuclear explosions into a shaped charge effect.

Despite its promise of nuclear safety, SDI was described by many of its critics ( including Soviet nuclear physicist and later peace activist Andrei Sakharov ) as being even more dangerous than MAD because of these political implications.

Sakharov, a nuclear physicist who had overseen the development of the hydrogen bomb for the U. S. S. R., had later become the nation's most famous dissident.

Andrei Sakharov described many details — as soon as the engines were fired, most of the personnel there ran to the perimeter but were trapped inside the security fence and then engulfed in the fireball of burning fuel.

He took a leading role in the foundation of the Sakharov Prize, awarded by the European Parliament since 1985.

* In Nizhny Novgorod, there is a Sakharov Museum in the apartment on the first floor of the 12-storeyed house where the Sakharov family lived for seven years.

* December 19 – Soviet dissident Andrei Sakharov is permitted to return to Moscow after years of internal exile.

The Sakharov Prize, which is awarded annually by the European Parliament for people and organizations dedicated to human rights and freedoms, is named in his honor.

" While Sakharov strongly disagreed with Teller over nuclear testing in the atmosphere and Strategic Defense Initiative, he believed that American academics had been unfair to Teller ’ s resolve to get the H-bomb for the United States since " all steps by the Americans of a temporary or permanent rejection of developing thermonuclear weapons would have been seen either as a clever feint, or as the manifestation of stupidity.

Sakharov, in association with Igor Tamm, proposed confining extremely hot ionized plasma by torus shaped magnetic fields for controlling thermonuclear fusion that led to the development of the tokamak device.

In a secret detailed letter to the Soviet leadership of July 21, 1967, Sakharov explains the need to " take the Americans at their word " and accept their proposal " for a bilateral rejection by the USA and the Soviet Union of the development of antiballistic missile defense ", because otherwise an arms race in this new technology would increase the likelihood of nuclear war.

While Sakharov disagreed with Solzhenitsyn ’ s Slavophile vision of Russian revival, he deeply respected him for his courage.

In 1973 Andrei Sakharov was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize and in 1974 was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca.

In the words of the Nobel Committee ’ s citation: " In a convincing manner Sakharov has emphasised that Man's inviolable rights provide the only safe foundation for genuine and enduring international cooperation.

" For Sakharov the indeterminacy of the future supported his belief that he could, and should, take personal responsibility for it.

In May 1984 Sakharov's wife, Yelena Bonner, was detained and Sakharov began a hunger strike, demanding permission for his wife to travel to the United States for heart surgery.

In April 1985 Sakharov started a new hunger strike for his wife to travel abroad for medical treatment.

Sakharov, meanwhile, claimed his human right to make decisions that he felt to be morally necessary for him personally.

In December 1985 the European Parliament established the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, to be given annually for outstanding contributions to human rights.

The Sakharov Prize, established in 1988 and awarded annually by the European Parliament for people and organizations dedicated to human rights and freedoms, was named in his honor.

Vietnamese academic and journalist Doan Viet Hoat was nicknamed " the Sakharov of Vietnam " for his criticism of Vietnam's communist leadership and his subsequent imprisonment.

In 1980, Sakharov was stripped of all Soviet awards for " anti-Soviet activities ".

The concept of the explosively pumped flux compression generator for generating a non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse was conceived as early as 1951 by Andrei Sakharov in the Soviet Union, but nations have usually kept their most recent work on non-nuclear EMP highly classified until the technology was old enough for similar ideas to be conceived by physicists in other nations.

* 1967 — Andrei Sakharov presents the requirements for baryogenesis, a baryon-antibaryon asymmetry in the universe

Parallel to this historical and legal narrative, Solzhenitsyn follows the typical course of a zek ( a slang term for inmate, derived from the widely used abbreviation " z / k " for " zakliuchennyi "( prisoner )) through the Gulag, starting with arrest, show trial and initial internment ; transport to the " archipelago "; treatment of prisoners and general living conditions ; slave labor gangs and the technical prison camp system ( where Andrei Sakharov and his team of prisoner-scientists developed the Soviet Union's first hydrogen bomb ); camp rebellions and strikes ( see Kengir uprising ); the practice of internal exile following completion of the original prison sentence ; and ultimate ( but not guaranteed ) release of the prisoner.

On December 19, 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev, who had initiated the policies of perestroika and glasnost, called Sakharov to tell him that he and his wife may return to Moscow.

His wife went to wake him at 23: 00 as he had requested but she found Sakharov dead on the floor.

* In Yerevan, the capital of Armenia, Sakharov Square, located in the heart of the city, is named after him.

* In 1979, an asteroid — 1979 Sakharov — was named after him.

* In Belarus International Sakharov Environmental University was named after him.

In 1984, after publishing an article by Andrei Sakharov in the United States urging a buildup of nuclear weapons in the West, Soviet officials declared him " a talented, but sick man.

When Sakharov, awarded the 1975 Nobel Peace Prize, was barred from travel by the Soviet authorities, Bonner, in Italy for treatment, represented him at the ceremony in Oslo.

In no way did Sakharov consider himself a prophet or the like: " I am no volunteer priest of the idea, but simply a man with an unusual fate.

Andrei Sakharov with a group of Soviet dissidents, Sakharov is the first from right, the first from the left is Naum Meiman from Moscow Helsinki Group

* Gorelik, Gennady, with Antonina W. Bouis, The World of Andrei Sakharov: A Russian Physicist's Path to Freedom.

( Contains an introduction by Archimandrite Sophrony ( Sakharov ), immediate disciple of St Silouan, together with the meditations of St Silouan ( 1866 – 1938 ).

The physicist and Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during 1980-1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners.

In 1951, together with Andrei Sakharov, Tamm proposed a tokamak system of the realization of CTF on the basis of toroidal magnetic thermonuclear reactor and soon after the first such devices were built by the INF, resulting the T-3 Soviet magnetic confinement device from 1968, when the plasma parameters unique for that time were obtained, of showing the temperatures in their machine to be over an order of magnitude higher than what was expected by the rest of the community.

According to Jay Nordlinger, on a visit with American dignitaries, Soviet human rights activist Andrei Sakharov said, " Kirkpatski, Kirkpatski, which of you is Kirkpatski?

Along with Georgy Flyorov and Andrei Sakharov, Kurchatov is widely remembered and dubbed as the " father of the Soviet atomic bomb " for his directorial role in the development of the Soviet nuclear program, in a clandestine program during World War II formed in the wake of the USSR's discovery of the Western Allied efforts to develop nuclear weapons.

In 1950, Kurchatov contributed in the development of the Hydrogen bomb with Andrei Sakharov who originated this development as Sakharov's Third Idea.

The Review pointedly published interviews with political dissidents, including Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Andrei Sakharov and Václav Havel.

In 2005, Reporters Without Borders shared the European Parliament's Sakharov Prize for freedom of thought with Nigerian human rights lawyer Hauwa Ibrahim and Cuba's Ladies in White movement.

Among others, Alexander Solzhenitsyn was named, but he refused to join and in his talk with Andrei Sakharov he motivated this decision by his opinion that it was not right to restrict the scope of the project to the Stalin era only, since the repressive era in Russia started as early as 1917.

The word Bylina is derived from the past tense of the verb “ to be ” ( Russian: быть byt ') and implies “ something that was .” The term most likely originated with scholars of Russian folklore ; in 1839, Sakharov, a Russian folklorist, published an anthology of Russian folklore, a section of which he titled “ Byliny of the Russian People ,” causing the popularization of the term.

This model proposes a radically different vision for the universe, in opposition with the standard cosmology, but shares similarities with a model published before by Andrei Sakharov.

In 1971, renowned Soviet physicist Andrei Sakharov supported a protest of two political prisoners, V. Fainberg and V. Borisov, who announced a hunger strike against " compulsory therapeutic treatment with medications injurious to mental activity " in a Leningrad psychiatric institution.

Later that year, Payá's efforts were recognized by the European Parliament with its Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, although he was nearly denied an exit visa to attend the awards ceremony.

The previous year, 1969, Sakharov had been widowed from his wife, Klavdia Alekseyevna Vikhireva, with whom he had two daughters and a son.

With Turkey applying to become a member of the European Union, the EU repeatedly called for her release on human rights grounds, making its position clear by awarding Zana with the Sakharov Prize in 1995.