Since Lavoisier's knowledge of strong acids was mainly restricted to oxoacids, such as ( nitric acid ) and ( sulphuric acid ), which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen, and since he was not aware of the true composition of the hydrohalic acids ( HF, HCl, HBr, and HI ), he defined acids in terms of their containing oxygen, which in fact he named from Greek words meaning " acid-former " ( from the Greek οξυς ( oxys ) meaning " acid " or " sharp " and γεινομαι ( geinomai ) meaning " engender ").

Since the energy levels of electrons in atoms are discrete, each element and each molecule emits and absorbs its own characteristic frequencies.

Since unsaturated fats contain fewer carbon-hydrogen bonds than saturated fats with the same number of carbon atoms, unsaturated fats will yield slightly less energy during metabolism than saturated fats with the same number of carbon atoms.

Since in organic chemistry non-carbons usually are considered to replace carbon atoms, they are called heteroatoms, meaning ' different from carbon and hydrogen ' ( rings of heteroatoms of the same element are homocyclic ).

Since counter-clockwise may be defined in terms of up, forward, and right, this experiment unambiguously differentiates left from right using only natural elements: If they were reversed, or the atoms spun clockwise, the radiation would follow the spin axis instead of being opposite to it.

* The atomic mass unit ( u ) is defined so that a single carbon-12 atom has a mass of 12 u ; 1 u is approximately .< ref group =" note "> Since the Avogadro constant N < sub > A </ sub > is defined as the number of atoms in 12 g of carbon-12, it follows that 1 u is exactly 1 /( 10 < sup > 3 </ sup > N < sub > A </ sub >) kg .</ ref > The atomic mass unit is convenient for expressing the masses of atoms and molecules.

Since all atoms vibrate proportionally to their absolute temperature, a thermal neutron has the best opportunity to fission U-235 when it is moving at this same vibrational speed.

Since there are N atoms in total,

Since E < sub > 2 </ sub >-E < sub > 1 </ sub > ≫ kT, it follows that the argument of the exponential in the equation above is a large negative number, and as such N < sub > 2 </ sub >/ N < sub > 1 </ sub > is vanishingly small ; i. e., there are almost no atoms in the excited state.

Since only a few atoms must be excited into the upper laser level to form a population inversion, a four-level laser is much more efficient than a three-level one, and most practical lasers are of this type.

Since there are so many ( on the order of 10 < exp > 22 </ exp >) atoms in a macroscopic crystal, the resulting energy states available for electrons are very closely spaced.

* Since the water molecule is not linear and the oxygen atom has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen atoms, it carries a slight negative charge, whereas the hydrogen atoms are slightly positive.

Since the 1920s, X-ray diffraction has been the principal method for determining the arrangement of atoms in minerals and metals.

Since it is difficult to visualize all the atoms at once, the ribbon shows the rough path of the protein polymer from its N-terminus ( blue ) to its C-terminus ( red ).

Since Bragg's law does not interpret the relative intensities of the reflections, however, it is generally inadequate to solve for the arrangement of atoms within the unit-cell ; for that, a Fourier transform method must be carried out.

Since the standard unit for expressing the mass of molecules or atoms ( the dalton or atomic mass unit ) is defined as 1 / 12 of the mass of a < sup > 12 </ sup > C atom, it follows that the molar mass of a substance, measured in grams per mole, is exactly equal to its mean molecular or atomic mass, measured in daltons ; which is to say, to the substance's mean molecular or atomic weight.

Since it corresponded to chemists ' ideas of localized bonds between pairs of atoms, this method ( called the Valence-Bond ( VB ) or Heitler-London-Slater-Pauling ( HLSP ) method ), was very popular.

Since these can be viewed as being made of millions of coupled moving parts ( such as atoms ), they can have millions of resonant frequencies.

Since the volume-specific corollary of the Dulong-Petit specific heat capacity relationship requires that atoms of all elements take up ( on average ) the same volume in solids, there are many departures from it, with most of these due to variations in atomic size.

Since leptons are only sensitive to weak, electromagnetic and gravitational forces, muonic atoms are governed to very high precision by the electromagnetic interaction.

Since the fluorine and chlorine atoms differ greatly in size from hydrogen and from each other, the methane derived CFCs deviate from perfect tetrahedral symmetry.

Since one cannot observe things as small as atoms directly, and since no atomic model at the time was consistent, the atomic hypothesis seemed to Mach to be unwarranted, and perhaps not sufficiently " economical ".

Since the hazards of poor communication are so great, p can be justified as a habitable site only on the basis of unusual productivity such as is made available by a waterfall for milling purposes, a mine, or a sugar maple camp.

Since the slogans have little application to reality and are sanctimonious to boot, the applause is faint even in areas of the world where we should expect to find the greatest affection for free government.

Since we can neither undo nor redo the past, we are limited to the events of today and tomorrow.

Since the recognition of Israel as a nation state, claims are made in many cases which identify the claimant as a member of the new body politic.

Since accurate base maps are necessary for any planning program, the first step taken by the planning division to implement the long-range state plan has been to prepare two series of base maps -- one at a scale of 1 inch to a mile, and the second a series of 26 sheets at a scale of 1 inch to 2000 feet, covering the entire state.

Since conventional methods are insensitive at the low frequencies of these molecular transitions, the paramagnetic resonance method is being used instead.

Since broadcast frequencies are very limited in number, these objectives are to some extent inconsistent in that not all of them can be fully realized, and to the extent that each is realized, there is a corresponding reduction of the possibilities for fullest achievement of the others.

Since the provision of skywave service requires adequate freedom from interference, only class 1, stations are capable of rendering skywave service.

Since the sides are also covered up to the spray rails, they are also rough-sanded in that area.

Since fly cutters are one sided and not balanced, they should be used at the slowest speed available, and fed very slowly to avoid binding.

Since there are almost no schools in the country offering graduate work in interior design this rule cannot at present be observed.

Since charges are relatively the same, reserving a car before you leave for Europe will assure you of having one on tap when you want it.

Since practical washing procedures are both lengthy and expensive, a number of laboratory tests have been developed for the numerical evaluation of detergents.

Since the circulating thyroid hormones are the amino acids thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine ( cf. Section C ), it is clear that some mechanism must exist in the thyroid gland for their release from proteins before secretion.

Since emotional reactions in the higher vertebrates depend on individual experience and are aroused in man, in addition, by complex symbols, one would expect that the hypothalamus could be excited from the cortex.

Since Af are distinct prime polynomials, the polynomials Af are relatively prime ( Theorem 8, Chapter 4 ).

Since D and D' are both diagonalizable and they commute, they are simultaneously diagonalizable, and Af is diagonalizable.

Since N and N' are both nilpotent and they commute, the operator Af is nilpotent ; ;

Since Af are linearly independent functions and the exponential function has no zeros, these R functions Af, form a basis for the space of solutions.

Since the choice is by lot each week, the outcomes of different trials are independent.

Since two curves of symbol Af on Q intersect in Af points, it follows that there are Af lines of Af which are tangent to Aj.