* Infante Jaime Luitpold Isabelino Enrique Alberto Alfonso Victor Acacio Pedro Maria of Spain ( 1908 – 1975 ), a deaf-mute as the result of a childhood operation, he renounced his rights to the throne in 1933 and became Duke of Segovia, and later Duke of Madrid, and who, as a legitimist pretender to the French throne from 1941 to 1975, was known as the Duke of Anjou.

Surprisingly, Acts does not record the outcome of Paul's legal troubles — some traditions hold that Paul was ultimately executed in Rome, while other traditions have him surviving the encounter and later traveling to Spain — see Paul-Imprisonment & Death.

Classicizing architectonic structure and decor all ' antica, in the " ancient mode ", became a fashionable way to frame a painted or bas-relief portrait, or protect an expensive and precious mirror during the High Renaissance ; Italian precedents were imitated in France, then in Spain, England and Germany during the later 16th century.

During the later part of first millennium BC the use of brass spread across a wide geographical area from Britain and Spain in the west to Iran, and India in the east.

# Joseph Bonaparte ( Corte 1768 – Florence 1844 ), King of Naples and Spain, married Julie Clary, sister of Napoleon's childhood sweetheart, Désirée, who was to become the wife of General Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, the later Charles XIV of Sweden.

West Germany, Spain, Greece, and Turkey would later join this alliance.

Nearly a century later, the English were to invade in earnest, taking Guantánamo Bay in 1741 during the War of Jenkins ' Ear with Spain.

Following the discovery of the islands by Columbus, the area was quickly colonised by several Western cultures ( initially Spain, then later Portugal, England, the Dutch Republic, France and Denmark ).

He followed in the footsteps of compatriot Giampiero Combi ( 1934 ) as only the second goalkeeper to captain a World Cup-winning side ( later Iker Casillas repeated this feat for Spain in the 2010 World Cup ).

Four months later would come the foundation of the Peruvian city of Trujillo, which Almagro named as " Villa Trujillo " in honor of Francisco Pizarro's birthplace, Trujillo in Extremadura, Spain.

However, ten years later, Stadtholder Maurice of Orange, proposed to continue the war with Spain, but also to distract attention from Spain to the Republic.

Almost immediately after the order of Kotaka was placed, Fernando Villaamil, second officer of the Ministry of the Navy of Spain where he was put in charge of developing the concept of a new ship designed to combat torpedo boats, placed an order for a large torpedo gunboat in November 1885, with the British builder James and George Thompson, of Clydebank, not far from where the Yarrow shipyards would move from London 20 years later.

This format, a contrast to the Encyclopædia Britannica, was widely imitated by later 19th century encyclopedias in Britain, the United States, France, Spain, Italy and other countries.

The Institutio principis Christiani ( Basel, 1516 ) ( Education of a Christian Prince ) was written as advice to the young king Charles of Spain, later Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.

Some speculate that the dish may have been invented in Spain, the first European country in which the potato appeared via the New World colonies, and assumes the first appearance to have been as an accompaniment to fish dishes in Galicia, from which it spread to the rest of the country and further to the Spanish Netherlands, which became Belgium more than a century later.

He was very active in furthering the accession of the French candidate for the throne of Spain, Philip V. Two years later, Vendôme having died in the interval, Alberoni was appointed consular agent for Parma at Philip's court, where he was the royal favourite, being raised at the same time to the dignity of count.

Fawkes later converted to Catholicism and left for the continent, where he fought in the Eighty Years ' War on the side of Catholic Spain against Protestant Dutch reformers.

Spain did not approve during the initial vote, but approved it later that day.

Three years later they crossed the Pyrenees into Iberia and divided the Western parts, roughly corresponding to modern Portugal and western Spain as far as Madrid, between them.

Patents were eventually granted in Austria, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, (, filed May 16, 1991, issued June 22, 1994 and expiring not later than May 16, 2011 ), the United States (, issued May 25, 1993 and expiring not later than January 7, 2012 ) and Japan ( JP 3225440 ).

Indeed, all the later medieval history-writing of Hispania ( modern Spain and Portugal ) was based on his histories.

* Spain – Vehículos Industriales y Agrícolas, S. A. ( VIASA ), absorbed by Ebro trucks, and later sold to Nissan – 1960-1990s

( The Western Schism had begun in 1378 and there were two competing popes at the time, one in Avignon supported by France and Spain, and one in Rome supported by most of Italy, Germany and England.

In recent years, the Port Authority has established it as one of the most important ports in Spain for cruises, with 72 calls to port made by cruise ships in 2007 bringing some 80, 000 passengers and 30, 000 crew to the city each year.

In particular, the British Museum ’ s collections covering the period AD 300 to 1100 are among the largest and most comprehensive in the world, extending from Spain to the Black Sea and from North Africa to Scandinavia.

Following his conquest of most of Western Europe, the first Napoleon made his elder brother Joseph ( 1768 – 1844 ) king first of Naples ( 1806 – 1808 ) and then of Spain ( 1808 – 1813 ), his third brother Louis ( 1778 – 1846 ) king of Holland ( 1806 – 1810 ) ( subsequently forcing his abdication after his failure to subordinate Dutch interests to those of France ) and his youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte ( 1784 – 1860 ) king of Westphalia, the short-lived realm created from some of the states of northwestern Germany ( 1807 – 1813 ).

During most of the colonial period, Costa Rica was the southernmost province of the Captaincy General of Guatemala, which was nominally part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( i. e., Mexico ), but which in practice operated as a largely autonomous entity within the Spanish Empire.

In 1540, Spain established the Captaincy General of Guatemala, which extended from southern Mexico to Costa Rica, and thus encompassed most of what is currently known as Central America, with the exception of British Honduras ( present-day Belize ).

The system remained in place in most areas of Spanish America up to the time independence was achieved from Spain.

The world's second most popular drink was born in a collision between the United States and Spain.

The largest success for the WIC in its history was the seizure of the Spanish silver fleet, which carried silver from Spanish colonies to Spain, by Piet Heyn in 1628 ; privateering was at first the most profitable activity.

Between 1594 and 1603, Elizabeth faced her most severe test in Ireland during the Nine Years ' War, a revolt that took place at the height of hostilities with Spain, who backed the rebel leader, Hugh O ' Neill, Earl of Tyrone.

The five top European leagues – the Premier League ( England ), La Liga ( Spain ), Serie A ( Italy ), the Bundesliga ( Germany ) and Ligue 1 ( France ) – attract most of the world's best players and each of the leagues has a total wage cost in excess of £ 600 million /€ 763 million / US $ 1. 185 billion.

With an increasingly centralized monarchy, the first standing army since Roman times, and the use of artillery, France expelled the English from its territory and came out of the Middle Ages as the most powerful nation in Europe, only to lose that status to Spain following defeat in the Italian Wars.

The Wars of Religion crippled France in the late 16th century, but a major victory over Spain in the Thirty Years ' War made France the most powerful nation on the continent once more.

After the king's execution in January 1793, these powers, along with Spain and most other European states, joined the war against France.

The European rights to the beer are owned by Heineken International, who brew and distribute a 4 % ABV Foster's in most European countries, including the United Kingdom, Greece, France, Belgium, Portugal, Poland, Finland, Germany, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine and Ireland.

* Jews, most of them of Sephardi origin, were able to re-establish their rites, forbidden in Catholic Spain, right after the British occupation in 1704.

* Indians, most of them from Hyderabad, came as merchants after the opening of the Suez Canal in 1870 ; many others migrated as workers after the closure of the frontier with Spain in 1969 to replace Spanish ones.

This was the first book of Masses by a native composer: in the Italian states of his day, most composers of sacred music were from the Low Countries, France, Portugal, or Spain.

For the next century and a half, Spain was the most powerful state in Europe and the largest overseas empire in the world for three centuries.

The Visigoths tended to maintain more of the old Roman institutions, and they had a unique respect for legal codes that resulted in continuous frameworks and historical records for most of the period between 415, when Visigothic rule in Spain began, and 711, when it is traditionally said to end.

They also became indispensable in financing the military capability of Habsburg Spain in its long series of European and North African wars, though, with the exception of a few years in the 17th century, Spain itself ( Castile in particular ) was by far the most important source of revenue.

Charles I of Spain ( better known in the English-speaking world at the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V ) was the most powerful European monarch of his day.

During most of the 18th century Spain had arrested its relative decline of the latter part of the 17th century.