It was also turned into the female form Ἀχιλλεία ( Achilleía ) attested in Attica in the 4th century BC ( IG II² 1617 ) and, in the form Achillia, on a stele in Halicarnassus as the name of a female gladiator fighting an " Amazon ".

About the 4th century BCE, the paean became merely a formula of adulation ; its object was either to implore protection against disease and misfortune, or to offer thanks after such protection had been rendered.

Marble, Roman copy of a Greek original of the 4th century BCE, from the collection of Cardinal Albani

In the 4th century BC Alexander the Great conquered the peninsula, defeating the Persians.

The name Asia Minor was given by the Latin author Orosios in the 4th century AD.

In the latter part of the 4th century BC, the Macedonian Greek king Alexander the Great conquered the peninsula.

The texts, which were rendered on leather, reflect the use of Aramaic in the 4th century BCE Achaemenid administration of Bactria and Sogdiana.

** Laozi ( 5th – 4th century BC )

** Zhuangzi ( 4th century BC )

: Metrodorus of Chios ( 4th century BC )

" Arianism " is also often used to refer to other nontrinitarian theological systems of the 4th century, which regarded Jesus Christ — the Son of God, the Logos — as either a created being ( as in Arianism proper and Anomoeanism ), or as neither uncreated nor created in the sense other beings are created ( as in Semi-Arianism ).

Controversy over Arianism arose in the late 3rd century and persisted throughout most of the 4th century.

But, by the end of the 4th century Trinitarianism prevailed in the Roman Empire.

The conflict in the 4th century had seen Arian and Nicene factions struggling for control of the Church.

The real founder of cenobitic ( koinos, common, and bios, life ) monasteries in the modern sense was Pachomius, an Egyptian of the beginning of the 4th century.

Palladius, who visited the Egyptian monasteries about the close of the 4th century, found among the 300 members of the coenobium of Panopolis, under the Pachomian rule, 15 tailors, 7 smiths, 4 carpenters, 12 cameldrivers and 15 tanners.

Aurelius Ambrosius, better known in English as Saint Ambrose ( c. 330 – 4 April 397 ), was an archbishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century.

In the late 4th century there was a deep conflict in the diocese of Milan between the Catholics and Arians.

In the 4th century BC it continued its traditional policy, but in 338 was besieged by Philip II of Macedon.

Amber is discussed by Theophrastus, possibly the first historical mention of the material, in the 4th century BC.

Alcidamas, of Elaea, in Aeolis, Greek sophist and rhetorician, flourished in the 4th century BC.

The Theban army under Pelopidas is said to have been dismayed by an eclipse ( on July 13, 364, see 4th century BC eclipses ), and Pelopidas, leaving the bulk of his army behind, entered Thessaly at the head of three hundred volunteer horsemen and some mercenaries.

Their non-Greek language is confirmed on the site by inscriptions in the Cypriot syllabary which alone in the Aegean world survived the Bronze Age collapse and continued to be used down to the 4th century BC.

* Andronicus, Probus, and Tarachus ( Saint Andronicus ), a 4th century martyr

Temples were still being dedicated to the national god Ashur in his home city and in Harran during the 4th century AD, indicating an Assyrian identity was still strong.

By the 4th century AD artists had started debating in writing over the proper goals of art as well.

In the 4th century BC Plato knew oreichalkos as rare and nearly as valuable as gold and Pliny describes how aurichalcum had come from Cypriot ore deposits which had been exhausted by the 1st century AD.

However it is now thought this was probably a deliberate change in composition and overall the use of brass increases over this period making up around 40 % of all copper alloys used in the Roman world by the 4th century AD.

The " Bikini girls " mosaic showing women exercising, first quarter of the 4th century AD.

These mostly range in date from the beginning of the Greek Bronze Age ( about 3200 BC ) to the reign of the Roman Emperor Constantine I in the 4th century AD.

The handheld pistol-and-trigger crossbow was invented in China in the 4th century BC ; it was written by the Song Dynasty scholars Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide in their book Wujing Zongyao ( 1044 AD ) that massed missile fire by crossbowmen was the most effective defense against enemy cavalry charges.

Cavalry tactics in China were enhanced by the invention of the saddle-attached stirrup by at least the 4th century, as the oldest reliable depiction of a rider with paired stirrups was found in a Jin Dynasty tomb of the year 322 AD.

The most detailed account of Mangonel use is from “ Eric Marsden's translation of a text written by Ammianus Marcellius in the 4th Century AD ” describing its construction and combat usage.

In a poem by Ausonius in the 4th century AD, he mentions a stone-cutting saw powered by water.

Between the 4th and 16th centuries, the calendar drifted with respect to the equinox, such that the equinox was occurring on about March 21 in AD 300 and by AD 1500 it had reached 11 March.

The Emperor Diocletian is said to have made Florentia the seat of a bishopric around the beginning of the 4th century AD, but this seems improbable as Diocletian was a notable persecutor of Christians.

Homer's description of the flat disc cosmography on the shield of Achilles with the encircling ocean is also found repeated far later in Quintus Smyrnaeus ' Posthomerica ( 4th century AD ) which continues the narration of the Trojan War.

Safaitic dates from the 1st century BC to the 4th century AD.

) AD & D-borrowed concepts such as character classes and Attribute Checks were also prominent in the 4th edition.

Gavoi was a very ancient Hebrew colony ( allegedly from the 4th century AD ) and in the 17th century was repopulated by Tuscan carbon-makers.

The ancient Greek horse trainer Xenophon mentioned nothing about horseshoes in his treatise on the care of military cavalry, nor did the Digesta Artis Mulomedicinae by Vegetius Renatus, written in the 4th or 5th century AD, mention nailed-on shoes, though he accurately enumerated everything connected with an army forge in the time.

Information about Hippocrates can also be found in the writings of Aristotle, which date from the 4th century BC, in the Suda of the 10th century AD, and in the works of John Tzetzes, which date from the 12th century AD.

At about the 2nd century AD Goths migrated to the Black Sea, and in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, a semi-legendary Gothic kingdom of Oium existed in Southern Russia until it was overrun by Huns.

By the early 4th century AD, a Kushan noble called Malkar of Khi, had become leader of the Huns settled there.

In the late 4th century AD, the famous Kuchanese monk Kumārajīva, born to an Indian noble family, studied Dīrghāgama and Madhyāgama in Kashmir under Bandhudatta.