* Baltic Sea is used in English ; in the Baltic languages Latvian ( Baltijas jūra ) and Lithuanian ( Baltijos jūra ); in Latin ( Mare Balticum ) and the Romance languages French ( Mer Baltique ), Italian ( Mar Baltico ), Portuguese ( Mar Báltico ), Romanian ( Marea Baltică ) and Spanish ( Mar Báltico ); in Greek ( Βαλτική Θάλασσα ); in Albanian ( Deti Balltik ); in the Slavic languages Polish ( Morze Bałtyckie or Bałtyk ), Czech ( Baltské moře or Balt ), Croatian ( Baltičko more ), Slovenian ( Baltsko morje ), Bulgarian ( Baltijsko More ( Балтийско море ), Kashubian ( Bôłt ), Macedonian ( Балтичко Море / Baltičko More ), Ukrainian ( Балтійське море (" Baltijs ' ke More "), Belarusian ( Балтыйскае мора (" Baltyjskaje Mora "), Russian ( Балтийское море (" Baltiyskoye Morye ") and Serbian ( Балтичко море / Baltičko more ); in the Hungarian language ( Balti-tenger ); and also in Basque ( Itsaso Baltikoa )

Family transmission of Basque language ( Basque as initial language ) Percentage of students registered in Basque language schools ( 2000 – 2005 ). Location of the Basque-language provinces within Spain and France

Basque ( endonym:, ) is the ancestral language of the Basque people, who inhabit the Basque Country, a region spanning an area in northeastern Spain and southwestern France.

A standardized form of the Basque language, called Euskara Batua, was developed by the Basque Language Academy in the late 1960s.

Euskara Batua was created so that Basque language could be used — and easily understood by all Basque speakers — in formal situations ( education, mass media, literature ), and this is its main use nowadays.

The role of this standard Basque language depends on the linguistic educational model of each region and each school.

In most areas of the Basque Country, the educational Model D, where all subjects are taught in Basque, except " Spanish language and literature " ( which is taught in Spanish ) is now the predominant model.

In France, the Basque language school Seaska and the association for a bilingual ( Basque and French ) schooling Ikasbi meet a wide range of Basque language educational needs up to the Sixth Form, while often struggling to surmount financial and administrative constraints.

Native speakers are concentrated in a contiguous area including parts of the Spanish Autonomous Communities of the Basque Country and Navarre and in the western half of the French Département of Pyrénées-Atlantiques.

Séguin, duke of Gascony, was then deposed by Louis in 816, possibly for failing to suppress or collaborating with the Basque revolt south of the western Pyrenees, so sparking off a Basque uprising that was duly put down by the Frankish emperor in Dax.

The Basque Country (,, ) as a cultural region ( not to be confused with the homonym Autonomous Community of the Basque country ) is a European region in the western Pyrenees that spans the border between France and Spain, on the Atlantic coast.

One reason the language of Aquitaine is important is because Basque is the last surviving non-Indo-European language in western Europe and it has had some effect on the languages around it, including Spanish and, to a lesser extent, French.

It lies along the western coast of France from Brest south to the Spanish border, and the northern coast of Spain west to Cape Ortegal, and is named in English after the province of Biscay, in the Spanish Basque Country.

In 905, Leonese chronicles define for the first time the Kingdom of Pamplona as including all the western Basque provinces, as well as the Rioja region.

Historically, various Gallo-Romance languages were spoken in France, except for some outlying regions ( Corsica, western Brittany, French Basque country, French Flanders, Alsace and part of Lorraine ); the Wallonia region of Belgium ; the Romandy region of Switzerland ; the Channel Islands ; portions of the Spanish Pyrenees ; and in Northern Italy.

Landry ; thence in a westerly direction along the south limit of said lot to a point where the same is intersected by the west bank or shore of Gaspereau Creek ; thence in a southerly direction along said bank or shore to a point in the southern limit of lot number one hundred and forty-two, granted to M. Gottro ; thence in a westerly direction along the southern limit of said lot and said limit of lot number three hundred and six, granted to George Savoy, and lot number three hundred and nine, granted to A. Basque, to a point in the eastern limit of lot number one, granted to T. Richard ; thence in a southerly direction along said limit of said lot to the southeast angle of the same ; thence in a westerly direction along the south limit of Range Six, Saint-Isidore, to the northwest angle of lot number two hundred and eighty-nine, granted to Canute Arceno, situated in the Second Tier North of the Little Tracadie River ; thence in a southerly direction along the west limit of said lot and said limit of lot number thirty, granted to Richard Arseneault, to a point in the north bank or shore of the aforesaid River ; thence following the said bank or shore upstream to a point where the same is intersected by the south limit of Range Nine, Saint-Isidore ; thence in a westerly direction along said limit of said Range and its western prolongation to a point in the Division line between Timber Block Numbers Three and Four, Range Eight ; thence in a southerly direction along said Division line in Ranges Eight, Nine and Ten to a point in the Gloucester-Northumberland County line ; and thence in an easterly direction along said County line to the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Maypole dancing is a form of folk dance from western Europe, especially England, Basque Country, Finland, Sweden, Galicia, Portugal and Germany,

At its greatest extent the Kingdom of Navarre included all the modern Spanish province ; the northern slope of the western Pyrenees called by the Spaniards the ultra puertos (" country beyond the mountain passes ") or French Navarre ; the Basque provinces of Spain and France ; the Bureba, the valley between the Basque mountains and the Montes de Oca to the north of Burgos ; the Rioja and Tarazona in the upper valley of the Ebro.

The incidence of R1b is 70 % or more in Celtic regions-Cumbria and Cornwall in England, northern Iberia ( Celtic-Galicia ( Spain ) and Basque Country ), western France ( Celtic-Brittany ), and Celtic Countries-Wales and Scotland in Britain.

Until a few centuries ago, they formed a dialect continuum covering the western, central and southern parts of the Iberian Peninsula — excepting the Basque and Catalan-speaking territories.

After their initial appearance in Ireland, Scotland, Basque Country and England during the High Middle Ages, tower houses were also built in other parts of western Europe as early as the late 14th century, especially in parts of France and Italy.

Charlemagne's force eventually headed back to France via a narrow pass in the Pyrenees, where his rearguard was wiped out by Basque and Gascon rebels ( this disaster inspired the epic Chanson de Roland ).

Toponyms show that the Basque language used to be spoken further eastward in the Pyrenees than today.

Whatever language may have been spoken on the peninsula soon gave way to Latin, except for Basque, protected by the Pyrenees

The Spanish Pyrenees are part of the following provinces, from east to west: Girona, Barcelona, Lleida ( the latter three Catalonia ), Huesca ( Aragon ), Navarra and Guipúzcoa ( the latter part of the Basque Country ).

In the Western Pyrenees, from the Basque mountains near the Bay of Biscay of the Atlantic Ocean, the average elevation gradually increases from west to east.

To the west lie the hills of the northwest region and to the east the Basque mountains that link them to the Pyrenees.

They were resisted in areas in the northwest ( such as Asturias, where they were defeated at the battle of Covadonga ) and the largely Basque regions in the Pyrenees.

Although sources are not clear, it seems apparent that in 778 the town was in hands of a Basque local or Muslim rebel faction loyal to the Franks at the moment of Charlemagne ´ s crossing of the Pyrenees to the south.

The Romans called this territory Aquitania, either from the Latin word aqua ( meaning " water "), in reference to the many rivers flowing from the Pyrenees through the area, or from the name of the Aquitanian Ausci tribe ( whose name seems related to the Basque root eusk-meaning " Basque "), in which case Aquitania would mean " land of the Ausci ".

Basque toponyms show that Basque was spoken further along the Pyrenees than today.

The revolt in Pamplona crossed the Pyrenees north and in 816 Louis the Pious deposed the Basque Duke Seguin of Bordeaux.

While some linguists deny the plausibility of the Basque substrate theory, it is widely assumed that Basque, the " Circumpyrenean " language ( as put by Basque linguist Alfonso Irigoyen and defended by Koldo Mitxelena, 1982 ), is the underlying language spreading around the Pyrenees onto the banks of the Garonne River, maybe as far east as the Mediterranean in Roman times ( niska cited by Joan Coromines as the name of each nymph taking care of the Roman spa Arles de Tech in Rousillon, etc .).

Basque gradually eroded across Gascony in the High Middle Ages ( Basques from the Val d ' Aran cited still circa 1000 ), with vulgar Latin and Basque interacting and mingling, but eventually with the former replacing the latter north of the east and middle Pyrenees and developing into Gascon.

The Great Pyrenees is a very old breed that has been used for hundreds of years by shepherds, including those of the Basque people, who inhabit parts of the region in and around the Pyrenees Mountains of southern France and northern Spain.

* 1937 – Spanish Civil War: Guernica ( or Gernika in Basque ), Spain is bombed by German Luftwaffe.

Abbadie gave his domain the name Abbadia, which is the name still used in Basque.

In academic discussions of the distribution of Basque in Spain and France, it is customary to refer to three ancient provinces in France and four Spanish provinces.

The Basque Autonomous Community is an administrative entity within the binational ethnographic Basque Country incorporating the traditional Spanish provinces of Biscay, Gipuzkoa, and Álava, which retain their existence as politico-administrative divisions.

In Basque, the name of the language is officially Euskara ( alongside various dialect forms ).

The term Vascuence, derived from Latin vasconĭce, has acquired negative connotations over the centuries and is not well liked amongst Basque speakers generally.

Its use is documented at least as far back as the 14th century when a law passed in Huesca in 1349 stated that Item nuyl corridor nonsia usado que faga mercadería ninguna que compre nin venda entre ningunas personas, faulando en algaravia nin en abraych nin en basquenç: et qui lo fara pague por coto XXX sol — essentially penalizing the use of Arabic, Hebrew or Vascuence ( Basque ) with a fine of 30 sols.

Though geographically surrounded by Indo-European Romance languages, Basque is classified as a language isolate.

Little is known of its origins but it is likely that an early form of the Basque language was present in Western Europe before the arrival of the Indo-European languages to the area.

Some authors even argue that the language moved westward during Late Antiquity, after the fall of Rome, into the north part of Hispania in which Basque is spoken today.

All hypotheses on the origin of Basque are controversial, and the suggested evidence is not generally accepted by most linguists.

* Georgian: Linking Basque to Kartvelian languages is now widely discredited.

* Dené – Caucasian superfamily: Based on the possible Caucasian link, some linguists, for example John Bengtson and Merritt Ruhlen, have proposed including Basque in the Dené – Caucasian superfamily of languages, but this proposed superfamily includes languages from North America and Eurasia, and its existence is highly controversial.