His desire to unify the Byzantine and Armenian churches only added to the chaos that allowed much of Armenia to fall to the Seljuk Turks.

The Great Idea embodied a desire to bring all ethnic Greeks into the Greek state, and subsequently revive the Byzantine Empire ; specifically those Greeks in Epirus, Thessaly, Macedonia, Thrace, the Aegean Islands, Crete, Cyprus, parts of Anatolia, and the city of Constantinople, which would replace Athens as capital.

A proposal to marry William's elder daughter Isabella to Andronikos, eldest son of Michael VIII, was strongly opposed by the Achaean nobility, who had no desire to come under Byzantine rule.

Alternate history author Harry Turtledove has said it sparked his interest in the genre as well as his desire to study Byzantine history.

Henry's allegiance was to be the last example of Byzantine political control on peninsular Italy.

* Raictor, a Byzantine monk who claimed to be the emperor Michael VII.

In retrospect his reign may be said to end before the situation of the Byzantine Empire became untenable.

Yet none of this was due to a lack of leadership on Andronikos ' part and his reign could be said to end before the Byzantine Empire's position became untenable due to the ensuing civil war which consumed the empire's remaining resources on Andronikos's death.

The Byzantine text-type was used for the 16th century Textus Receptus, the first Greek-language version of the New Testament to be printed by the printing press.

This could be either the normal military dress, with a tunic to about the knees, armour breastplate and pteruges, but also often the specific dress of the bodyguard of the Byzantine Emperor, with a long tunic and the loros, a long gold and jewelled pallium restricted to the Imperial family and their closest guards.

) The mosques that were built after the conquest of Constantinople ( Istanbul ) by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, and influenced by the design of the 6th century Byzantine basilica of Hagia Sophia, had increasingly elevated and large central domes, which create a vertical emphasis that is intended to be more overwhelming ; in order to convey the divine power of Allah, the majesty of the Ottoman Sultan, and the governmental authority of the Ottoman State.

For example, some Byzantine coins of the 1st century BC and later show the head of Artemis with bow and quiver, and feature a crescent with what appears to be a six-rayed star on the reverse.

It is located south of Asia Minor, the Anatolian peninsula of the Asian ( or Eurasian ) mainland ( now part of modern-day Turkey ), so it may be included in Western Asia or the Middle East: At a confluence of Western Asia, Southern Europe, and Northern Africa, Cyprus has had lengthy periods of mainly Greek and intermittent Anatolian, Levantine, Byzantine, and Western European influences.

The influence of Byzantine architecture and art can be seen in the copies taken from it throughout Europe.

The more obvious and demonstrable influences that come directly from the Latin and Byzantine ecclesiastical traditions must be taken into account.

Post-Roman imported pottery has been excavated from many sites across the region, and the apparent surge in late 5th century Mediterranean and / or Byzantine imports is yet to be explained satisfactorily.

Fermat was not the first mathematician so moved to write in his own marginal notes to Diophantus ; the Byzantine scholar John Chortasmenos ( 14th / 15th C .) had written " Thy soul, Diophantus, be with Satan because of the difficulty of your theorems " next to the same problem.

Under Justinian I, reigning in the 6th century, parts of Italy were for a few decades ( re ) conquered from the Ostrogoths: thus, this famous mosaic, featuring the Byzantine emperor in the center, can be admired at Ravenna.

The work as a whole has been lost in the original Greek, but it may be reconstructed from later chronographists of the Byzantine school who made excerpts from the work, especially George Syncellus.

* Modern Greek: Stemming from Medieval Greek, Modern Greek usages can be traced in the Byzantine period, as early as the 11th century.

However, Galen and the ancient Greek medical tradition generally continued to be studied and followed in the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire.

According to the 11th century Byzantine historian Georgios Kedrenos an uncial manuscript of Matthew's Gospel, believed to be that found by Anthemios, was then still preserved in the Chapel of St Stephen in the imperial palace.

The Byzantine cuisine was similar to the classical cuisine including however new ingredients that were not available before, like caviar, nutmeg and lemons, with fish continuing to be an integral part of the diet.

Some dishes may be pre-Ottoman, only taking Turkish names later ; Ash and Dalby, for example, speculate that grape-leaf dolmathes were made by the early Byzantine period.

Subsequently, the Galatians continued to be subsumed into the Greek world until their culture was barely indistinguishable from the Greeks before disappearing under the Turkish and Islamic Jihad and Genocide of Byzantine Anatolia.

The cheirosiphōnes especially were prescribed for use at land and in sieges, both against siege machines and against defenders on the walls, by several 10th-century military authors, and their use is depicted in the Poliorcetica of Hero of Byzantium. The Byzantine dromons usually had a siphōn installed on their prow under the forecastle, but additional devices could also on occasion be placed elsewhere on the ship.

Although the destructiveness of Greek fire is indisputable, it should not be seen as some sort of " wonder weapon ", nor did it make the Byzantine navy invincible.

His reign also marked a blossoming of Byzantine culture, and his building program yielded such masterpieces as the church of Hagia Sophia, which was to be the center of Eastern Orthodox Christianity for many centuries.

The Exarch sent to Italy by Emperor Justin II, Longinus, could defend only coastal cities that could be supplied by the powerful Byzantine fleet.

* Constantinople, as seen under the Byzantine emperor Theodosius II, makes several on-screen appearances in the television miniseries " Attila " as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Though significant in the history of religious doctrine, the Byzantine controversy over images is not seen as of primary importance in Byzantine history.

According to Vasari, at their prompting in 1423 Masaccio travelled to Rome with Masolino: from that point he was freed of all Gothic and Byzantine influence, as may be seen in his altarpiece for the Carmelite Church in Pisa.

This involved great danger of death due to bleeding or infection and, in some states, such as the Byzantine Empire, was seen as the same as a death sentence.

The church interior was once totally frescoed by Byzantine artists: fragments of these paintings, portraying the Histories of Christ, can be still seen in the two side apses.

The ruins of the ancient city " Hierapolis Bambyce ," also known as " Hierapolis Euphratensis " or " Hierapolis in Euphratesia ", are 20 km north, where remains of aqueducts and the Byzantine walls of Justinian are still to be seen.

Thus the Alexiad allows the events of the First Crusade to be seen from the Byzantine elite's perspective.

Parts of a more ancient Byzantine edifice can be seen in the court.

Otto Demus writes that Middle Byzantine churches were decorated in a systematic manner and can be seen as having three zones of decoration, with the holiest at the top.

They are seen occasionally externally in Byzantine churches and Ottoman mosques.

This perhaps more clearly reflects the origins of the subdiaconate than in the Byzantine Rite, where, rather than the subdeacon assisting the deacon, many formerly diaconal functions have, over time, come to be seen as properly belonging to the subdeacon in his own right.

The graves of those who died in the island during the Byzantine period can still be seen today.

The ruins of a Roman settlement and a ninth century Byzantine monastery can still be seen on the shore, close to the fishermen's shelter, a small wharf which is often used by yachts.

As the Byzantine army moved back through the pass after the battle it was seen that the dead had been scalped and their genitals mutilated, " It was said that the Turks took these measures so that the circumcised could not be distinguished from the uncircumcised and the victory therefore disputed and contested since many had fallen on both sides.

Copious evidence of the Byzantine period remains on the islands today, most notably in hundreds of churches from the period which can be seen in various states of preservation.

In addition, this period seems to have seen a shift in how the word “ Hellene ” was used in Byzantine parlance.

Giotto, whose greatest work is the cycle of the Life of Christ at the Arena Chapel in Padua, was seen by the 16th century biographer Giorgio Vasari as " rescuing and restoring art " from the " crude, traditional, Byzantine style " prevalent in Italy in the 13th century.

These events are seen in retrospect as the establishment of the Bulgarian state and its recognition by the Byzantine Empire.

The Church came to be a central and defining institution of the Empire, especially in the East or Byzantine Empire, where Constantinople came to be seen as the center of the Christian world, owing in great part to its economic and political power.

In Byzantine iconography the other Christ is shown surrounded by such a cloud of light are those of also seen in icons of the Transfiguration, the Resurrection and the Last Judgment.

As such, Lorenzetti ’ s art could be seen as a transition between Byzantine and Renaissance styles of art.