There also is no mention of Troy, which was not far from Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine empire and militarily beyond the reach of the Vikings.

The new Frankish alliance was important because of the Franks ' known hostility to the Byzantine empire, providing the Lombards with more than one option.

Inheriting a collapsing empire and faced with constant warfare during his reign against both the Seljuq Turks in Asia Minor and the Normans in the western Balkans, Alexios was able to halt the Byzantine decline and begin the military, financial, and territorial recovery known as the Komnenian restoration.

Due to the troubled times the empire was enduring, he had by far the greatest number of rebellions against him of all the Byzantine emperors.

Kilij Arslan II invaded the empire in AD 1182, defeating the Byzantines at the Siege of Cotyaeum resulting in the Byzantine Empire losing Cotyaeum and Sozopolis.

* 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter ( Enkyklikon ) to the bishops of his empire, supporting the Monophysite christological position.

For the empire, see Byzantine Empire.

* The comparison of the patterns found on the swords to Damask fabrics woven in the Byzantine empire.

In eastern Europe, the French army was at times hindered by Manuel I Comnenus, the Byzantine Emperor, who feared that it would jeopardize the tenuous safety of his empire ; however, during their 3-week stay at Constantinople, Louis was fêted and Eleanor was much admired.

The Byzantine empire also produced three women who effectively governed the state: the Empress Irene and the Empresses Zoe and Theodora.

However, Byzantine resistance to the new empire meant that it was in constant struggle to establish itself.

The Orthodox Church traces its development back through the Byzantine or Roman empire, to the earliest church established by St. Paul and the Apostles.

* Greens, a political faction and associated chariot-racing team in the Byzantine empire ; involved in the deadly Nika riots of 532

Later it was part of provinces of the Byzantine empire called Themes.

* 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire.

IV, Issue 3 ( Jun / Jul, 2010 ), was devoted to " Justinian's fireman: Belisarius and the Byzantine empire ", with articles by Sidney Dean, Duncan B. Campbell, Ian Hughes, Ross Cowan, Raffaele D ' Amato, and Christopher Lillington-Martin.

After the Fourth Crusade, the Byzantine empire was divided up by the Latin emperors of Constantinople, with Chios nominally becoming a possession of the Republic of Venice.

However, defeats for the Latin empire resulted in the island reverting to Byzantine rule in 1225.

At the end of the 10th century, much of what is now Republic of Macedonia became the political and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire under Tsar Samuil ; while the Byzantine emperor Basil II came to rule the eastern part of the empire ( what is now Bulgaria ), including the then capital Preslav, in 972.

During the regency rule of his widow, the Byzantine princess Theophanu, the empire abandoned her husband's imperialistic policy and devoted herself entirely to furthering an alliance between Church and Empire.

It covers the story of the Lombards from their legendary origins in the north in ' Scadinavia ' and their subsequent migrations, notably to Italy in 568 / 9 to the death of King Liutprand in 744, and contains much information about the Byzantine empire, the Franks, and others.

Religious pendant showing Christ blessing, framed with rubies and pearls, from the Byzantine empire, 12th or 13th century

The Italian revolt of the 720s, organized and led by Pope Gregory II, was originally provoked by the attempt of the Constantinople Emperor Leo III the Isaurian to introduce a poll tax in the Italian provinces of the Byzantine Empire in 722, and set in motion the permanent separation of Italy from the Byzantine empire.

As late as the 6th century the Eastern Roman empire ( i. e., the Byzantine empire ) was issuing decrees against conversion to Judaism, implying that this was still occurring.

He explains the epic 33-year span of his reign in the chronicle by its author's faulty interpretation of Byzantine sources.

The Greek Anthology ( also called Anthologia Graeca ) is a collection of poems, mostly epigrams, that span the classical and Byzantine periods of Greek literature.

There are inscriptions, sculptures, reliefs, marbles, coins, jewelry, ceramics and pottery dating back to a broad span of about 1500 years representing the ancient Dauno, Roman, early Christian and medieval Byzantine.

During the 1970s it funded major fieldwork projects work in Cyprus, Syria, and Turkey, efforts that today span the entire geographical breadth of the former Byzantine commonwealth.

Later, in the fourth century AD Amasus became the see of a Christian bishop and continued to flourish until the Byzantine period.

In the Byzantine period, the Parthenon was turned into a church, dedicated to the Virgin Mary.

It remained in Byzantine hands during the period of crisis in the 7th – 8th centuries, when most of the Balkans and the Greek mainland were overrun by Slavic invasions.

Traditionally, Bursa was famous for being the largest center of silk trade in the Byzantine and later the Ottoman empires, during the period of the lucrative Silk Road.

The Dardanelles were vital to the defence of Constantinople during the Byzantine period.

Many of these trivial errors occurred in the Byzantine period, following a change in script from uncial to minuscule, and many were ' homophonic ' errors, when scribes accidentally substituted homophones for words in the textequivalent in English to substituting ' right ' for ' write ', except that there were more opportunities for Byzantine scribes to make these errors because the Greek letters η, ι, οι and ει were pronounced similarly in the Byzantine period.

It contains epigrams ranging from the Hellenistic period through the Imperial period and Late Antiquity into the compiler's own Byzantine eraa thousand years of short elegiac texts on every topic under the sun.

Byzantine period emperors also used the Greek word " autokrator ", meaning " one who rules himself ," or " monarch ," which was traditionally used by Greek writers to translate the Latin dictator.

* Modern Greek: Stemming from Medieval Greek, Modern Greek usages can be traced in the Byzantine period, as early as the 11th century.

Some dishes may be pre-Ottoman, only taking Turkish names later ; Ash and Dalby, for example, speculate that grape-leaf dolmathes were made by the early Byzantine period.

The Sampo has been interpreted in many ways: a world pillar or world tree, a compass or astrolabe, a chest containing a treasure, a Byzantine coin die, a decorated Vendel period shield, a Christian relic, etc.

It was only in the Comnenian period ( 1081 – 1185 ) that the cult of the icon became widespread in the Byzantine world, partly on account of the dearth of richer materials ( such as mosaics, ivory, and enamels ), but also because an iconostasis a special screen for icons was introduced then in ecclesiastical practice.

* The Eastern Orthodox Church had a period of Byzantine iconoclasm during the late medieval years, in which some groups destroyed the church's religious imagery.

At this period the area divided from the Jireček Line was populated from people of Thraco-Roman or Illyro-Roman origins, as well from Hellenized citizens of the Byzantine Empire and Byzantine Greeks.

By the end of the Byzantine period, it had been almost totally destroyed ; when Ciriaco de ' Pizzicolli ( Cyriacus of Ancona ) visited Athens in 1436 he found only 21 of the original 104 columns still standing.

Historically, Samaritans were a large community — up to more than a million in late Roman times, but were then gradually reduced to several tens of thousands a few centuries ago — their unprecedented demographic shrinkage has been a result of various historical events, including, most notably, the bloody suppression of the Third Samaritan Revolt ( 529 CE ) against the Byzantine Christian rulers, and mass conversion to Islam in the Early Muslim period of Palestine.

During the Byzantine period, when the great earthquake of AD 551 destroyed most of the cities of Phoenicia, Beirut's School of Law took refuge in Sidon.

After a period of Vandal rule, Syracuse and the island was recovered by Belisarius for the Byzantine Empire ( 31 December 535 ).