German military Enigma was first broken in December 1932 by the Polish Cipher Bureau, using a combination of brilliant mathematics, the services of a spy in the German office responsible for administering encrypted communications, and a slice of good luck.

On 25 July 1939, just five weeks before the outbreak of World War II, the Polish Cipher Bureau handed reconstructed Enigma machines and their techniques for decrypting ciphers to their French and British allies.

SIGINT ( signals intelligence ) was the countering process of decryption, with the notable examples being the Allied breaking of Japanese naval codes and British Ultra, which was derived from methodology given to Britain by the Polish Cipher Bureau, which had been decoding Enigma for seven years before the war.

The Cipher Bureau breaks the German Enigma cipher and overcomes the ever-growing structural and operating complexities of the evolving Enigma machine | Enigma with plugboard, the main German cipher device during World War II.

* November 30 – The Polish Cipher Bureau breaks the German Enigma cipher.

On July 25, 1939, just five weeks before Hitler's invasion of Poland, the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau shared its Enigma-decryption methods and equipment with the French and British as the Poles ' contribution to the common defense against Nazi Germany.

A few months later, using the Polish techniques, the British began reading Enigma ciphers in collaboration with Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologists who had escaped Poland, overrun by the Germans, to reach Paris.

1928, some 4 years before joining the Biuro Szyfrów | Cipher Bureau

In 1929, while still a student, Różycki, proficient in German, was one of twenty-odd Poznań University mathematics students who accepted an invitation to attend a secret cryptology course organized at a nearby military installation by the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau, headquartered in Warsaw.

From September 1932 Różycki served as a civilian cryptologist with the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau, housed till 1937 in Warsaw's Saxon Palace.

He worked there together with fellow Poznań University mathematics alumni and Cipher Bureau cryptology-course graduates Marian Rejewski and Henryk Zygalski.

* Joint Cipher Bureau, agency of the Indian armed forces responsible for signals intelligence and cryptanalysis and co-ordinating similar activities and operations of military intelligence agencies.

During the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-21, Leśniewski served the cause of Poland's independence by breaking Soviet Russian ciphers for the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau.

Zygalski was, from September 1932, a civilian cryptologist with the Polish General Staff's Biuro Szyfrów ( Cipher Bureau ), housed in the Saxon Palace in Warsaw.

He worked there with fellow Poznań University alumni and Cipher Bureau cryptology-course graduates Marian Rejewski and Jerzy Różycki.

Until the World War I creation of MI8, the Army's Cipher Bureau, Riverbank was the only facility in the US seriously capable of solving enciphered messages.

The title of the book refers to the Cipher Bureau, the cryptographic organization of which Yardley was the founder and head.

After the war, the American Army and the State department decided to jointly fund MI-8 and Yardley continued as head of the " Cipher Bureau ".

The information the Cipher Bureau provided the American delegation regarding the Japanese government's absolute minimum acceptable battleship requirements was instrumental in getting the Japanese side to agree to a 5: 3 ratio instead of the 10: 7 ratio the Japanese Navy really wanted.

When Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of State under President Herbert Hoover, found out about Yardley and the Cipher Bureau, he was furious and withdrew funding, summing up his argument with " Gentlemen do not read each other's mail ".

The Polish Cipher Bureau had likewise exploited " cribs " in the " ANX method " before World War II ( the Germans ' use of " ANX ," German for " to ," followed by " X " as a spacer.

* Polish Cipher Bureau

In December 1932, Bertrand shared intelligence obtained from Asché with the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau ( Biuro Szyfrów ).

It was a substantial development from a device that had been designed in 1938 by Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologist Marian Rejewski, and known as the " cryptologic bomb " ( Polish: " bomba kryptologiczna ").

" Cipher " was later used for any decimal digit, even any number.

* Cragon, Harvey G. From Fish to Colossus: How the German Lorenz Cipher was Broken at Bletchley Park ( Cragon Books, Dallas, 2003 ; ISBN 0-9743045-0-6 ) – A detailed description of the cryptanalysis of Tunny, and some details of Colossus ( contains some minor errors )

* Alberti was an accomplished cryptographer by the standard of his day, and invented the first polyalphabetic cipher which is now known as the Alberti cipher and machine-assisted encryption using his Cipher Disk.

For inter-Allied communications during World War II, the Combined Cipher Machine ( CCM ) was developed, used in the Royal Navy from November 1943.

An interesting variation of the route cipher was the Union Route Cipher, used by Union forces during the American Civil War.

In the history of cryptography, 97-shiki ōbun inji-ki ( 九七式欧文印字機 ) (" System 97 Printing Machine for European Characters ") or Angōki Taipu-B ( 暗号機 タイプB ) (" Type B Cipher Machine "), codenamed Purple by the United States, was a diplomatic cryptographic machine used by the Japanese Foreign Office just before and during World War II.

The 91-shiki injiki Roman-letter model was also used by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as Angooki Taipu-A ( 暗号機 タイプA ) (" Type A Cipher Machine "), codenamed Red by United States cryptanalysts.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs machine was the Angooki Taipu-B ( 暗号機 タイプB ) (" Type B Cipher Machine "), codenamed Purple by United States cryptanalysts.

Thus the letters sh, sh, ch become b, b, l, i. e., Babel ( see: Atbash cipher ). This code is called the Atbash Cipher and was used to decrypt.

The Atbash Cipher was applied and out of Sheshach came the word Babel.

" Rosetta Stone " by Sam Bellotto Jr., incorporated a Caesar Cipher cryptogram as the theme ; the key to breaking the cipher was the answer to 1 Across.

She was also the recipient of another of Elgar's enigmas, the so-called Dorabella Cipher.

HMAC was approved in 2002 as FIPS 198, The Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code ( HMAC ), CMAC was released in 2005 under SP800-38B, Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: The CMAC Mode for Authentication, and GMAC was formalized in 2007 under SP800-38D, Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: Galois / Counter Mode ( GCM ) and GMAC.

Cipher designers tried to get users to use a different substitution for every letter, but this usually meant a very long key, which was a problem in several ways.

* In the Criminal Minds two-part episode, " The Fisher King ", The Collector was the book used by the kidnapper to send a coded message, via an Ottendorf Cipher, to the Behavioral Analysis Unit by sending the agents a butterfly, a skeleton key and a lock of hair from his victim.

Basil Rathbone's last episode as the famous Detective was " The Singular Affair of the Baconian Cipher.

Both of the two German electro-mechanical rotor machines whose signals were decrypted at Bletchley Park, Enigma and the Lorenz Cipher ', were virtually unbreakable if properly used.

Edward Larsson's Cipher runes | rune cipher resembling that found on the: en: Kensington Runestone | Kensington Runestone.

" Cipher " is alternatively spelled " cypher "; similarly " ciphertext " and " cyphertext ", and so forth.

Cipher came to mean concealment of clear messages or encryption.

* Sale, Tony, The Colossus Computer 1943 – 1996: How It Helped to Break the German Lorenz Cipher in WWII ( M .& M.

The foundational documents of the original Order of the Golden Dawn are known as the Cipher Manuscripts ; they were written in English using Trithemius cipher.

Mathers and Westcott have been credited for developing the ritual outlines in the Cipher Manuscripts into a workable format.

In October 1887, Westcott purported to have written to Anna Sprengel, whose name and address he received through the decoding of the Cipher Manuscripts.

Secrets of the Golden Dawn Cipher Manuscripts.

* Hüseyin Demirci, Erkan Türe, Ali Aydin Selçuk, A New Meet in the Middle Attack on The IDEA Block Cipher, 10th Annual Workshop on Selected Areas in Cryptography, 2004.

* Cipher A. Deavours and Louis Kruh, " Machine Cryptography and Modern Cryptanalysis ", Artech House, 1985, pp144 – 145 ; 148 – 150.

* Ralph Erskine, " The Admiralty and Cipher Machines During the Second World War: Not So Stupid after All.

* Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984, ISBN 0-89093-547-5.

* Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, University Publications of America, 1984, ISBN 978-0-89093-547-7.

* Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984, ISBN 0-89093-547-5.