Bowls is played at the Commonwealth Games ; the last being held in Delhi, India, where Natalie Melmore ( England ) and Robert Weale ( Wales ) won the singles Gold Medals.

Following the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the establishment of the Commonwealth under Lord Protector Cromwell, it would not be reinstated until shortly after the restoration of the monarchy to England.

Virginia Code section 1-200 establishes the continued existence and vitality of common law principles and provides that " The common law of England, insofar as it is not repugnant to the principles of the Bill of Rights and Constitution of this Commonwealth, shall continue in full force within the same, and be the rule of decision, except as altered by the General Assembly.

The common law constitutes the basis of the legal systems of: England and Wales, Northern Ireland, Ireland, federal law in the United States and the law of individual U. S. states ( except Louisiana ), federal law throughout Canada and the law of the individual provinces and territories ( except Quebec ), Australia ( both federal and individual states ), Kenya, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Pakistan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, The Bahamas, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Vincent and the Granadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, and many other generally English-speaking countries or Commonwealth countries ( except Scotland, which is bijuridicial, and Malta ).

The Commonwealth of England was the official name of the political unit ( de facto military rule in the name of parliamentary supremacy ) that replaced the kingdoms of Scotland and England ( after the English Civil War ) from 1649 to 1653 and 1659 to 1660.

The Commonwealth of England formed the first republic in the English-speaking world.

Between 1653 – 1659 it was known as the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.

After the English Civil War and the execution of Charles I, the republic's existence was initially declared by " An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth " adopted by the Rump Parliament, on 19 May 1649.

The term Commonwealth is, however, loosely used to describe the system of government during the whole of 1649 to 1660, when England was de facto, and arguably de jure, a republic ( or, to monarchists, under the English Interregnum ).

* Coins from the Commonwealth of England period, 1649-1660, including halfcrowns

de: Commonwealth of England

it: Commonwealth of England

simple: Commonwealth of England

The monarchy was then abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England, also referred to as the Cromwellian Interregnum, was declared.

* 1653 – English Interregnum: The Protectorate – Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.

The English Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son, Charles II, and replacement of English monarchy with, first, the Commonwealth of England ( 1649 – 53 ), and then with a Protectorate ( 1653 – 59 ), under Oliver Cromwell's personal rule.

The fleets built by the Commonwealth of England in the 1650s generally consisted of ships described as " frigates ", the largest of which were two-decker ' great frigates ' of the third rate.

During the Commonwealth, Fox had hoped that the movement would become the major church in England.

* was a 52-gun third-rate ship of the line launched in 1654 as the Torrington for the Commonwealth of England Navy, renamed Dreadnought at the Restoration in 1660, and lost in 1690.

Therefore, he stands third in the line of succession to the thrones of sixteen independent sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms, and to the governorship of the Church of England, preceded by his father and elder brother, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge.

* 1661 – Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England is ritually executed two years after his death, on the anniversary of the execution of the monarch he himself deposed.

It was also responsible for the setting up of the Commonwealth of England in 1649.

This was particularly the case with Radcliffe-Brown, who spread his agenda for " Social Anthropology " by teaching at universities across the British Commonwealth.

* 1945 – World War II: Filipino troops of the 66th Infantry Regiment, Philippine Commonwealth Army, USAFIP-NL and the American troops of the 33rd and 37th Infantry Division, United States Army was liberated in Baguio City and they fought against the Japanese forces under by General Tomoyuki Yamashita.

High above the city, near the small town of South Fork, the South Fork Dam was originally built between 1838 and 1853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as part of a canal system to be used as a reservoir for a canal basin in Johnstown.

With the coming-of-age of railroads superseding canal barge transport, the lake was abandoned by the Commonwealth, sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad, and sold again to private interests and eventually came to be owned by the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club in 1881.

The song quickly gained popularity and an amended version was sung by a choir of 10, 000 at the inauguration of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901.

* 1960s: Ann Landers was presented with a key upon her visit to Starr Commonwealth for Boys.

Kirk had long believed that the local Doon Hill, was the gateway to the " Secret Commonwealth ", or the land of the Fairies.

This coalition was a prelude to Union of Krewo in 1385 and Union of Lublin in 1569 that resulted in the new state, Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The Bahamas has a few notable industrial firms: the Freeport pharmaceutical firm, PFC Bahamas ( formerly Syntex ), which recently streamlined its production and was purchased by the Swiss pharmaceutical firm Roche ; the BORCO oil facility, also in Freeport, which transships oil in the region ; the Commonwealth Brewery in Nassau, which produces Heineken, Guinness, and Kalik beers ; and Bacardi Corp., which distills rum in Nassau for shipment to the U. S. and European markets.

The Commonwealth bogie, manufactured by SKF or Timken, was introduced in the late 1950s for all BR Mark 1 vehicles.

It was a fabricated steel design versus cast iron and was lighter than the Commonwealth, weighing in at.

The Battle of Berestechko (; ) was fought between the Ukrainian Cossacks, led by Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, aided by their Crimean Tatar allies, and a Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth army under King John II Casimir.

Bohdan Zynoviy Mykhailovych Khmelnytsky (, commonly transliterated as Khmelnytsky ; ; ) ( c. 1595 – 6 August 1657 ) was a hetman of the Zaporozhian Cossack Hetmanate of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland in the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth ( now part of Ukraine ).

The use of the English language in most member countries of the Commonwealth of Nations was inherited from British colonisation.

After an initial release in August 1935, the Commonwealth Department of Health decided to ban future introductions until a study was conducted into the feeding habits of the toad.

The Icelandic Commonwealth or the Icelandic Free State ( Icelandic: Þjóðveldið ) was the state existing in Iceland between the establishment of the Althing in 930 and the pledge of fealty to the Norwegian king in 1262.

" A commonwealth of good counsaile " was the title of the 1607 English translation of the work of Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki " De optimo senatore " that presented to English readers many of the ideas present in the political system of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The Commonwealth of Nations — formerly the British Commonwealth — is a voluntary association of 54 independent sovereign states, most of which are former British colonies, or dependencies of these colonies with three exceptions, Mozambique ( which was a Portuguese possession ), Rwanda ( which was a Belgian mandate ) and Cameroon ( which is a union of a French mandate and a British mandate ) plus the United Kingdom itself.

The concept of Commonwealth citizenship was introduced in 1948 in the British Nationality Act 1948.