The first months of the war saw attacks by the English against the convoys of the Dutch.

This led to strong protests by the affected Dutch merchants, who demanded institution of convoys escorted by the Dutch navy, to protect them against the Royal Navy and British privateers.

However, political pressure to venture outside the safety of the Texel roadstead mounted and several cautious attempts were made to capture British convoys, or escort Dutch convoys.

Around the world Dutch naval units were responsible for transporting troop, for example during Operation Dynamo in Dunkirk and on D-Day, they escorted convoys and attacked enemy targets.

He had to protect inbound trade convoys from the Americas, keep track of the Franco-Spanish fleet, while also keeping an eye on the Dutch fleet at port in the Texel but reportedly ready to sail.

If the Dutch made a sortie into the North Sea they would be able to threaten Britain's vital Baltic convoys, including precious naval stores which were needed for continuing the war.

The Spanish navy harassed Dutch shipping that had to sail through the Strait of Gibraltar to Italy and the Levant, thereby forcing the Dutch to sail in convoys with naval escorts.

The English lost 1, 500 to 2, 000 merchant ships to Spanish privateers and instead of using captured English ships to replace their destroyed convoys, the Spanish government placed the care of Spanish trade in the hands of neutral Dutch merchantmen, so that, strategically, the war was largely unsuccessful for England.

Only two convoys were captured ; one in 1628 when it was captured by the Dutch, and another in 1656, captured by the English, but by then the convoys were a shadow of what they had been at their peak at the end of the previous century.

Not all shipping of the dispersed empire could be protected by large convoys, allowing the Dutch, English and French privateers and pirates the opportunity to attack trade along the American and Spanish coastlines and raid isolated settlements.

Then on January 5, 1942, Vice-Admiral Layton, who had replaced Phillips, moved his headquarters to the island of Java to streamline the organization of supply convoys to the Dutch East Indies and Malaya.

While no larger than Dutch Springs, this mining supply town had the appearance of being far busier and more prosperous.

The club is historically one of the three clubs that dominate the Dutch national football league ( Eredivisie ), the others being PSV and Feyenoord.

With two of his singles Spraakwater and Kaal of Kammen being major hits in the mid-1990s, Extince was the first Dutch rapper making the MegaCharts.

The idea of being " born again in Christ " inspired some common European forenames: French René / Renée ( also used in the Netherlands ), Dutch Renaat / Renate, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese Renato / Renata, Latin Renatus / Renata, which all mean " reborn ", " born again ".

Even though the Bandanese had little understanding of the significance of the treaty known as ' The Eternal Compact ', or that not all Bandanese leaders had signed, it would later be used to justify Dutch troops being brought in to defend their monopoly.

During the Napoleonic wars the Kingdom of the Netherlands adopted the French code civil in 1809, however the Dutch colonies in the Cape of Good Hope and Sri Lanka, at the time called Ceylon, were seized by the British to prevent them being used as bases by the French Navy.

New ecologial and socio-historical insights have led to parts of the Dommel's course being restored to their original states, and plans to have the Gender flow through the centre once again ( link to article in Dutch ).

This soon led to the occupied ports being used as bases for privateers, the Dunkirkers, to attack the shipping of the Dutch and their allies.

Another example is the word gift, which in English and Dutch means a " present " but in German and the Scandinavian languages means " poison " ( the Swedish word for " gift " being gåva, related to the verb " to give ").

In many European languages, words derived from this root take after the first meaning — English being a notable exception ( e. g. French and Dutch concurrent, German Konkurrent and Russian конкурент translate as " competitor " in English ).

Saltpetre harvesting was recorded by Dutch and German travelers as being common in even the smallest villages and was collected from the decomposition process of large dung hills specifically piled for the purpose.

A secret training airfield was established at Lipetsk in 1924 and operated for approximately nine years using mostly Dutch and Russian, but also some German, training aircraft before being closed in 1933.

* 1619 – Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague after being convicted of treason.

The region was subject to frequent raids by Dutch, French and British pirates, with the city of Granada being invaded twice, in 1658 and 1660.

In 1940, The Netherlands was invaded by Germany with Nijmegen being the first Dutch city to fall into German hands.

Van Rijn is, however, far from the modern type of business executive, being a kind of throwback to the merchant venturer of the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century.

The remainder are Christian, a majority being Dutch Calvinist, but a substantial minority being Roman Catholic.

Edison reported being of Dutch ancestry.

In the 1990s, with the consent of Dutch Parliament, The Hague annexed fairly large areas from neighbouring towns as well as from not even bordering ones, on which complete new residential areas were built and are still being built.

* Autumn – Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia: After being separated from the main Dutch fleet of Admiral Wybrand Van Warwyck, three ships under Jacob Cornelisz.

A conflicting explanation is that Wall Street was named after Walloons -- possibly a Dutch abbreviation for Walloon being Waal.

During the negotiations, the British also became aware of two older historical claims, the 1628 patent granted to the Earl of Carlisle ( which was inconsistent with Hunthum's title being sold to him by the Dutch West India company ), and an order of the King in 1694 to prevent foreign settlement in the Virgin Islands.

Spanish raids in 1685 and ongoing negotiations between the Dutch and the British over the fate of the islands led to them being virtually abandoned ; from 1685 to 1690 the population of the Territory was reduced to two-a Mr Jonathan Turner and his wife.

Such equipment has been installed at Hilo, Midway, Attu and Dutch Harbor.

Benched at Tulsa in 1955, he told manager Dutch Meyer: `` I can't play for you.

The Slogger Turbo Board was a professionally fitted upgrade whereas the Elektuur modification was described in an article in Dutch Electronics magazine Elektuur and intended for users to perform at home.

Dutch national first-team players Ryan Babel, Wesley Sneijder, Rafael van der Vaart, Maarten Stekelenburg, Eljero Elia, André Ooijer, John Heitinga and Nigel de Jong had also came through the ranks at Ajax and all are now playing for top-flight clubs.

* 1607 – Eighty Years ' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.

Urban Dance Squad was a Dutch rap rock band formed after what was originally intended as a one-time jam-session at a festival in Utrecht on December 20, 1986.

Opgezwolle, a group from Zwolle's latest album, Eigen Wereld ( Own World ) appeared in the ' Album Top 100 ' at number 4 ; the highest notation of a Dutch rap album ever.

Lowenstein ( 2000 ) describes that LTCM established an arbitrage position in Royal Dutch Shell in the summer of 1997, when Royal Dutch traded at an 8 to 10 percent premium.

A tumultuous year at the Bauhaus, 1922 also saw the move of Dutch painter Theo van Doesburg to Weimar to promote De Stijl (" The Style "), and a visit to the Bauhaus by Russian Constructivist artist and architect El Lissitzky.

On 17 May the Duke concentrated his Dutch and English troops at Tongeren, near Maastricht.

Taviers was of particular importance to the Franco-Bavarian position: it protected the otherwise unsupported flank of General de Guiscard ’ s cavalry on the open plain, while at the same time, it allowed the French infantry to pose a threat to the flanks of the Dutch and Danish squadrons as they came forward into position.

Most larger Dutch breweries, such as Heineken International, Grolsch, Amstel, Alfa Brouwerij, Brand and Dommelsch, market at least one variety.

Being politically and geographically inclusive and leaving at the same time space for diversity, this historical vision filled the needs of Dutch nation-building and integration in the 1890-1914 era.

Upon the arrival of the Dutch, the trail soon became the main road through the island from Nieuw Amsterdam at the southern tip.

The Dutch were unwilling to protect the people they abandoned at the Cape of Good Hope.

Ironically though, it was this lack of ports which brought the Dutch to trade at Banda instead of the clove islands of Ternate and Tidore.

The orang kaya were forced at gunpoint to sign an unfeasibly arduous treaty, one that was in fact impossible to keep, thus providing Coen an excuse to use superior Dutch force against the Bandanese.

On 10 May 1810, a squadron consisting of the 36-gun frigate HMS Caroline, formerly French frigate HMS Piedmontaise, 18-gun sloop HMS Barracouta, and the 12-gun transport HMS Mandarin left Madras with money, supplies and troops to support the garrison at Amboyna, recently captured from the Dutch.

Essentially, every country that was colonised at some time by England, Great Britain, or the United Kingdom uses common law except those that were formerly colonised by other nations, such as Quebec ( which follows the law of France in part ), South Africa and Sri Lanka ( which follow Roman Dutch law ), where the prior civil law system was retained to respect the civil rights of the local colonists.

The modern constellations in this region were defined during the Age of exploration, notably by Dutch navigators Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman at the end of sixteenth century.

Shortly after, in 1869, Irish chemist Thomas Andrews studied the phase transition from a liquid to a gas and coined the term critical point to describe the instant at which a gas and a liquid were indistinguishable as phases, and Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals supplied the theoretical framework which allowed the prediction of critical behavior based on measurements at much higher temperatures.

Apart from a visit by the French Parmentier brothers in 1529, for much of the 16th century the only Europeans to visit the islands were Portuguese ; British and Dutch ships began arriving at the turn of the century and the island of Ndzwani became a major supply point on the route to the East.