However, since Einstein's death, experiments analogous to the one described in the EPR paper have been carried out, starting in 1976 by French scientists Lamehi-Rachti and Mittig at the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre.

Though the EPR paper has often been taken as an exact expression of Einstein's views, it was primarily authored by Podolsky, based on discussions at the Institute for Advanced Study with Einstein and Rosen.

The EPR paper says: " We are thus forced to conclude that the quantum-mechanical description of physical reality given by wave functions is not complete.

The EPR paper ends by saying: While we have thus shown that the wave function does not provide a complete description of the physical reality, we left open the question of whether or not such a description exists.

The EPR paper used momentum for the observable.

In the EPR paper ( 1935 ) the authors realised that quantum mechanics was inconsistent with their assumptions, but Einstein nevertheless thought that quantum mechanics might simply be augmented by hidden variables ( i. e. variables which were, at that point, still obscure to him ), without any other change, to achieve an acceptable theory.

Prior to the publication of the EPR paper, a measurement was often visualized as a physical disturbance inflicted directly upon the measured system.

* The original EPR paper.

Research into quantum entanglement was initiated by a 1935 paper by Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen describing the EPR paradox and several papers by Erwin Schrödinger shortly thereafter.

Following the EPR paper, Erwin Schrödinger wrote a letter ( in German ) to Einstein in which he used the word Verschränkung ( translated by himself as entanglement ) " to describe the correlations between two particles that interact and then separate, as in the EPR experiment ".

The EPR paper generated significant interest among physicists and inspired much discussion about the foundations of quantum mechanics ( perhaps most famously Bohm's interpretation of quantum mechanics ), but relatively little other published work.

* The EPR paper

In 1935, with two coworkers, he published a famous paper on a newly-created subject called later the EPR effect ( EPR paradox ).

After some decades, it was asserted that feasible experiments could prove the error of the EPR paper.

The current usage of realism and completeness originated in the 1935 paper in which Einstein and others proposed the EPR paradox.

In a well known 1935 paper, he and co-authors Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen ( collectively EPR ) demonstrated by a paradox that QM was incomplete.

Following the argument in the Einstein – Podolsky – Rosen ( EPR ) paradox paper ( but using the example of spin, as in David Bohm's version of the EPR argument ), Bell considered an experiment in which there are " a pair of spin one-half particles formed somehow in the singlet spin state and moving freely in opposite directions.

* Nathan Rosen, co-author with Albert Einstein and Boris Podolsky of physics paper about the EPR paradox in quantum mechanics

After the EPR paper, several scientists such as de Broglie took up interest in local hidden variables theories.

* Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen publish a paper arguing that quantum mechanics is not a complete physical theory ( the EPR paradox ).

Hence, followed Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen in 1935 in their famous " EPR paper ", there is something missing in the description of the qubit pair given above — namely this " agreement ", called more formally a hidden variable.

At the time the EPR article was written, it was known from experiments that the outcome of an experiment sometimes cannot be uniquely predicted.

Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the EPR article — named after its authors Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen — in 1935.

* 1935 Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen put forth the EPR paradox

* 1935 Niels Bohr presents his analysis of the EPR paradox

This spin up / down formulation was proposed by David Bohm, who conceived of spin as an observable in a version of thought experiments formulated in the 1935 EPR paradox.

The EPR paradox has deepened our understanding of quantum mechanics by exposing the fundamentally non-classical characteristics of the measurement process.

Another recent theory ( see EPR paradox above ) resulting from the analysis of an EPR communication set up, has the simple device based on removing the effective retarded time terms in the Lorentz transform to yield a preferred absolute reference frame.

* PEG, when labeled with a near-infrared fluorophore, has been used in preclinical work as a vascular agent, lymphatic agent, and general tumor-imaging agent by exploiting the Enhanced permeability and retention effect ( EPR ) of tumors.

The singlet state formed from a pair of electrons has many peculiar properties, and plays a fundamental role in the EPR paradox and quantum entanglement.

EPR has been implemented in many forms, which may be classified into three major approaches:

EPR has rarely been consistently quantified.

Because spin labels are exquisitely sensitive to motion, this has profound effects on its EPR spectrum.

Subcomandante Marcos has distanced the EZLN from the EPR in his communiqués, largely because of the EPR activities in the state of Chiapas in the midst of peace talks in 1996 and 1997.

The EPR design has several active and passive protection measures against accidents:

The EPR has a design maximum core damage frequency of 6. 1 × 10 < sup >− 7 </ sup > per plant per year.

The Union of Concerned Scientists has referred to the EPR as the only new reactor design under consideration in the United States that "... appears to have the potential to be significantly safer and more secure against attack than today's reactors.

A type of dosimetry system has been designed for reference standards and routine use in medicine, based on EPR signals of radicals from irradiated polycrystalline α-alanine ( the alanine deamination radical, the hydrogen abstraction radical, and the ( CO < sup >-</ sup >( OH ))= C ( CH < sub > 3 </ sub >) NH < sub > 2 </ sub >< sup >+</ sup > radical ).

The study of radiation-induced free radicals in biological substances ( for cancer research ) poses the additional problem that tissue contains water, and water ( due to its electric dipole moment ) has a strong absorption band in the microwave region used in EPR spectrometers.

EPR also has been used by archaeologists for the dating of teeth.

Radiation-sterilized foods have been examined with EPR spectroscopy, the aim being to develop methods to determine if a particular food sample has been irradiated and to what dose.

EPR spectroscopy has been used to measure properties of crude oil, in particular asphaltene and vanadium content.

The EPR system has come under heavy criticism from all ranks in the Air Force.