The EPR paper, written in 1935, has shown that this explanation is inadequate.

However, since Einstein's death, experiments analogous to the one described in the EPR paper have been carried out, starting in 1976 by French scientists Lamehi-Rachti and Mittig at the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre.

Though the EPR paper has often been taken as an exact expression of Einstein's views, it was primarily authored by Podolsky, based on discussions at the Institute for Advanced Study with Einstein and Rosen.

The EPR paper says: " We are thus forced to conclude that the quantum-mechanical description of physical reality given by wave functions is not complete.

The EPR paper ends by saying: While we have thus shown that the wave function does not provide a complete description of the physical reality, we left open the question of whether or not such a description exists.

In the EPR paper ( 1935 ) the authors realised that quantum mechanics was inconsistent with their assumptions, but Einstein nevertheless thought that quantum mechanics might simply be augmented by hidden variables ( i. e. variables which were, at that point, still obscure to him ), without any other change, to achieve an acceptable theory.

Prior to the publication of the EPR paper, a measurement was often visualized as a physical disturbance inflicted directly upon the measured system.

* The original EPR paper.

Research into quantum entanglement was initiated by a 1935 paper by Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen describing the EPR paradox and several papers by Erwin Schrödinger shortly thereafter.

Following the EPR paper, Erwin Schrödinger wrote a letter ( in German ) to Einstein in which he used the word Verschränkung ( translated by himself as entanglement ) " to describe the correlations between two particles that interact and then separate, as in the EPR experiment ".

The EPR paper generated significant interest among physicists and inspired much discussion about the foundations of quantum mechanics ( perhaps most famously Bohm's interpretation of quantum mechanics ), but relatively little other published work.

* The EPR paper

In 1935, with two coworkers, he published a famous paper on a newly-created subject called later the EPR effect ( EPR paradox ).

After some decades, it was asserted that feasible experiments could prove the error of the EPR paper.

The current usage of realism and completeness originated in the 1935 paper in which Einstein and others proposed the EPR paradox.

In a well known 1935 paper, he and co-authors Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen ( collectively EPR ) demonstrated by a paradox that QM was incomplete.

Following the argument in the Einstein – Podolsky – Rosen ( EPR ) paradox paper ( but using the example of spin, as in David Bohm's version of the EPR argument ), Bell considered an experiment in which there are " a pair of spin one-half particles formed somehow in the singlet spin state and moving freely in opposite directions.

* Nathan Rosen, co-author with Albert Einstein and Boris Podolsky of physics paper about the EPR paradox in quantum mechanics

After the EPR paper, several scientists such as de Broglie took up interest in local hidden variables theories.

* Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen publish a paper arguing that quantum mechanics is not a complete physical theory ( the EPR paradox ).

Hence, followed Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen in 1935 in their famous " EPR paper ", there is something missing in the description of the qubit pair given above — namely this " agreement ", called more formally a hidden variable.

: The claim that EPR effects violate the principle that information cannot travel faster than the speed of light have been countered by noting that they cannot be used for signaling because neither observer can control, or predetermine, what he observes, and therefore cannot manipulate what the other observer measures.

For instance, diamagnetism, birefringence, Raman scattering, NMR and EPR can also be used to determine S.

In magnetic spectroscopy ( EPR, NMR ), an RF pulse in a strong ambient magnetic field is used as the energizing event.

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a " textbook " slow spreading centre while the EPR is used as an example of fast spreading.

* PEG, when labeled with a near-infrared fluorophore, has been used in preclinical work as a vascular agent, lymphatic agent, and general tumor-imaging agent by exploiting the Enhanced permeability and retention effect ( EPR ) of tumors.

# A measurable property of a physical system whose value can be predicted with certainty is actually an element of reality ( this was the terminology used by EPR ).

The term is most often used in discussions of the EPR paradox and Bell's inequalities.

The terms EHR, EPR ( electronic patient record ) and EMR ( electronic medical record ) are often used interchangeably, although differences between them can be defined.

Spin labels are normally used as tools for probing proteins or biological membrane-local dynamics using EPR spectroscopy.

Dr. Ralf Langen's group showed that SDSL with EPR ( University of Southern California, Los Angeles ) can be used to understand the structure of amyloid fibrils and the structure of membrane bound Parkinson's disease protein alpha-synuclein.

Because most stable molecules have all their electrons paired, the EPR technique is less widely used than NMR.

This last equation is used to determine in an EPR experiment by measuring the field and the frequency at which resonance occurs.

EPR spectroscopy is used in various branches of science, such as biology, chemistry and physics, for the detection and identification of free radicals and paramagnetic centers such as F centers.

In many cases, the reactions to make the radicals and the subsequent reactions of the radicals are of interest, while in other cases EPR is used to provide information on a radical's geometry and the orbital of the unpaired electron.

EPR spectroscopy can be applied only to systems in which the balance between radical decay and radical formation keeps the free-radicals concentration above the detection limit of the spectrometer used.

The study of radiation-induced free radicals in biological substances ( for cancer research ) poses the additional problem that tissue contains water, and water ( due to its electric dipole moment ) has a strong absorption band in the microwave region used in EPR spectrometers.

EPR also has been used by archaeologists for the dating of teeth.

Because of its high sensitivity, EPR was used recently to measure the quantity of energy used locally during a mechanochemical milling process.

EPR spectroscopy has been used to measure properties of crude oil, in particular asphaltene and vanadium content.

In the field of quantum computing, pulsed EPR is used to control the state of electron spin qubits in materials such as diamond, silicon and galium arsenide.

An Enlisted Performance Report ( EPR ) is an evaluation form used by the United States Air Force.