And while the nation was formerly named `` The Islamic Republic of Pakistan '', it is now simply `` The Republic of Pakistan ''.

Afghanistan ( Persian / Pashto:, Afġānistān ), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and to some extent Western Asia.

* Islamic Republic Day ( Iran )

* Article on Amir Abdur Rahman Khan on Islamic Republic Of Afghanistan (. com )

At least 162 killings in 19 countries have been linked to the senior leadership of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Following the retirement of the F-14 by the US, the weapon's only current operator is Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force.

Both the F-14 Tomcat and AIM-54 Phoenix missile continue in the service of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force, although the operational abilities of these aircraft and the missiles are questionable, since the US refused to supply spare parts and maintenance after the 1979 revolution ; except for a brief period during the Iran-Contra Affair.

Two F-14 Tomcats of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force | IRIAF, armed with different types of air-to-air missiles, including AIM-54 Phoenixes.

The Union of the Comoros, known as the Islamic Federal Republic of the Comoros until 2003, is ruled by Ahmed Abdallah Sambi.

While the CIA and MI6 and the People's Liberation Army of China financed the operation along with the Pakistan government against the Soviet Union Eventually the Soviet Union began looking for a withdrawal route and in 1988 Geneva Accords were signed between Communist-Afghanistan and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ; under the terms Soviet troops were to withdraw.

In 2005, the Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has issued the fatwā that the production, stockpiling and use of nuclear weapons are forbidden under Islam and that Iran shall never acquire these weapons.

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan has close and friendly relations with a number of countries around the world, including: the United States, Japan, Germany, Turkey, India, China, Canada, Russia, United Arab Emirates and many others.

With the signing of the Geneva Accords, President Najibullah unsuccessfully sought to end the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan's isolation within the Islamic world and in the Non-Aligned Movement.

In the modern Islamic Republic of Iran the rahbar ( Supreme Leader, at present Ali Khamenei ) serves as head of state, above the elected ( sometimes lay ) president, who is formally the constitutional head of government.

The Islamic Republic has also maintained its hold on power in Iran in spite of the US economic sanctions, and has created or assisted like-minded Shia Islamist groups in Iraq ( SCIRI ) and Lebanon ( Hezbollah ), ( two Muslim countries that also have large Shiite populations ).

Today, antisemitic themes have become commonplace in the propaganda of Arab Islamic movements such as Hizbullah and Hamas, in the pronouncements of various agencies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and even in the newspapers and other publications of Refah Partisi.

Islamic armies conquered part of Persia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Armenia, and what is now the modern-day post-Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan and surrounded the Byzantine heartland ( present-day Turkey ) in a pincer movement which extended from the Mediterranean to the Caucasus and the southern shores of the Caspian.

Muhammad Yunus Nawandish was appointed as Mayor of Kabul by the President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in January, 2010, and governs a City of an estimated five million in population.

Israel's recognition by the Islamic Republic of Mauritania was maintained by the new regime.

The bilateral relations between the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan were fully established between 1962 and 1963.

* 1953 – The Constituent Assembly of Pakistan names the country The Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ), in his treatise on Justice and Jihad and his commentary on Plato's Republic, writes that the human mind can know of the unlawfulness of killing and stealing and thus of the five maqasid or higher intents of the Islamic sharia or to protect religion, life, property, offspring, and reason.

However, i ' thar is also still an Islamic ideal to which all Muslims should strive to adhere at all times.

* 711 – Islamic conquest of Hispania: Moorish troops led by Tariq ibn-Ziyad land at Gibraltar to begin their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula ( Al-Andalus ).

He also attempted to enforce conformance to Islamic laws and traditions, restoring the old regulations that prohibited alcohol and he attempted to enforce attendance at the Friday Mosque prayers and paying alms to the poor in the proper way.

Hanjour's brother later explained that, frustrated at not finding a job, Hanjour " increasingly turned his attention toward religious texts and cassette tapes of militant Islamic preachers ".

In chapter 2 ( Sura 2 ) of the Islamic Quran ( Verse 248 ), the Children of Israel, at the time of Samuel and Saul, were given back the Tabut E Sakina ( the casket of Shekhinah ) which contained remnants of the household of Musa ( Moses ) and Harun ( Aaron ) carried by angels which confirmed peace and reassurance for them from their Lord.

File: Medieval horse armour. jpg | Medieval horse armour on display at Museum of Islamic Art, Doha in Qatar.

During that time, while studying at Kabul University, Massoud became involved with the Sazman-i Jawanan-i Musulman (" Organization of Muslim Youth "), the student branch of the Jamiat-i Islami (" Islamic Society "), whose chairman then was professor Burhanuddin Rabbani.

The Islamic conquest of Afghanistan ( 642 – 870 ) began in the middle of the 7th century after the Islamic conquest of Persia was completed, when Arab Muslims defeated the Sassanid Empire at the battles of Walaja, al-Qādisiyyah and Nahavand.

His Durrani empire was the second largest Islamic empire in the world, behind the Ottoman Empire at that time.

A number of Islamic writers and the 13th century Italian Marco Polo describe how this was obtained by sublimation from zinc ores and condensed onto clay or iron bars, archaeological examples of which have been identified at Kush in Iran.

A number of Bosnian students are currently studying at the International Islamic University Malaysia in Petaling Jaya.

With the emergence of Christianity and the rise of Islam, Constantinople became the last bastion of Christian Europe, standing at the fore of Islamic expansion, and repelling its influence.

Following at the Battle of Uhud in 625, it is said that after killing Hamzah ibn Abdu l-Muṭṭalib, his liver was consumed by Hind bint ‘ Utbah ( the wife of Abû Sufyan ibn Harb one of the commanders of the Qurayš army ) who later reportedly converted to Islam and became the mother of Muawiyah I founder of the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate.

In 1258, when both North China and the Islamic world were part of the Mongol Empire, Hulagu Khan established an observatory in Maragheh for the astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi at which a few Chinese astronomers were present, resulting in the Chinese-Uighur calendar that al-Tusi describes in his Zij-i Ilkhani.

In his book The Early Islamic Conquests ( 1981 ), Fred Donner argues that the standard Arabian practice at the time was for the prominent men of a kinship group, or tribe, to gather after a leader's death and elect a leader from amongst themselves.

* 1256 – Hulagu Khan captures and destroys the Hashshashin stronghold at Alamut in present-day Iran as part of the Mongol offensive on Islamic southwest Asia.

Cairo has been a crossroads of Arab commerce and culture for millennia, and its intellectual and Islamic institutions are at the center of the region's social and cultural landmark palace.

There is a binding rule that saves the fatwā pronouncements from creating judicial havoc, whether within a Muslim country or at the level of the Islamic world in general: it is unanimously agreed that a fatwā is only binding on its author.

The Sosso kingdom ( 12th to 13th centuries ) briefly flourished in the void but the Islamic Mandinka Mali Empire came to prominence when Soundiata Kéïta defeated the Sosso ruler, Soumangourou Kanté at the semi-historical Battle of Kirina in c. 1235.

From the 11th century onwards, Latin translations of Islamic medical texts began to appear in the West, alongside the Salerno school of thought, and were soon incorporated into the curriculum at the universities of Naples and Montpellier.

Although Muslim teaching at this time strongly opposed the printing of Islamic or Arabic texts, non-Muslim printing was not, in principle, forbidden ; indeed attempts were made in the 1570s by anti-Trinitarian Christians to establish a printing press in the Turkish capital to publish radical Protestant works.

Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, at least three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science.

At the same time, an Islamist party, the Islamic Party of Malaysia ( PAS ) and a Chinese socialist party, the Democratic Action Party ( DAP ), gained increasing support, at the expense of UMNO and the MCA respectively.