Arabic literature spans for over two millennium, it has three phases, the pre-Islamic, Islamic and modern.

While western Cairo is dominated by wide boulevards, open spaces, and modern architecture of European influence, the eastern half, having grown haphazardly over the centuries, is dominated by small lanes, crowded tenements, and Islamic architecture.

Change of Islamic law is not possible, but were there a concubine in the modern era, she must be given all her due rights that Islam has preserved in the past.

Many Islamic scholars and modern Western academics do not view Uzair as " Ezra "; for example Professor Gordon Darnell Newby associates Uzair with Enoch and Metatron.

Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that modern geology began in the medieval Islamic world.

Islamic Scholar Ibn Sina ( Avicenna, 981 – 1037 ) proposed detailed explanations for the formation of mountains, the origin of earthquakes, and other topics central to modern Geology, which provided an essential foundation for the later development of the science.

From then on Galen and the Greek medical tradition in general became assimilated into the medieval and early modern Islamic Middle East.

Later, in modern history ( 18th and 19th centuries ), many Islamic regions fell under the influence of European Great powers.

He anticipated modern Islamists by leading a jihad movement and attempted to create an Islamic state with strict enforcement of Islamic law.

His was arguably the first, largest and most influential modern Islamic political / religious organization.

He has drawn upon his knowledge of Western philosophy, Marxist sociology, and radical Islamist political theory to advocate a modern Islamic perspective that does not hesitate to criticize genuine societal ills while simultaneously remaining faithful to the ethical values and spiritual dimensions of religion.

Anecdotal literature reinforces this impression of general societal acceptance of the public celebration of male-male love ( which hostile Western caricatures of Islamic societies in medieval and early modern times simply exaggerate ).

More recently, modern Muslims have tried to re-interpret the Islamic sources, stressing that Jihad is essentially defensive warfare aimed at protecting Muslims and Islam.

The city has numerous examples of modern Islamic architecture, including the Aga Khan University hospital, Masjid e Tooba, Faran Mosque, Bait-ul Mukarram Mosque, Quaid's Mausoleum, and the Textile Institute of Pakistan.

It is one of the most outstanding and modern Islamic architecture examples in the world.

The modern form of the calendar is a rule-based lunisolar calendar, akin to the Chinese calendar, measuring months defined in lunar cycles as well as years measured in solar cycles, and distinct from the purely lunar Islamic calendar and the almost entirely solar Gregorian calendar.

Though the Napoleonic code was among the first government acts of modern times to introduce the notion of absolute ownership into statute, protection of personal property rights was present in medieval Islamic law and jurisprudence, and in more feudalist forms in the common law courts of medieval and early modern England.

Many proto-scientists from the Islamic Golden Age and medieval and Renaissance Europe are considered polymaths, in part because of the lack of anything corresponding to modern scientific disciplines.

The contemporary documentary sources upon which modern knowledge is based therefore consist mostly of texts written in Christian and Islamic communities overseas, that had often been negatively affected by Viking activity.

Medina (;,, “ the radiant city ” ( officially ), or ), also officially transliterated as Madinah on Saudi maps and in modern Islamic literature generally, is a modern city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia, and serves as the capital of Al Madinah Province.

Suggest the following twenty-first-century amendment: By moving the term `` Republic '' to lower case, substituting the modern phrase, `` move ahead '' for the stodgy `` keep '', and by using the Postmaster's name on every envelope ( in caps, of course, with the `` in spite '' as faded as possible ), the slogan cannot fail.

Anatolia ( from Greek — " east " or "( sun ) rise "; also Asia Minor, from " small Asia "; in modern ) is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey.

In Roman times, a main route ran south from the Baltic coast in through the land of the Boii ( modern Czech Republic and Slovakia ) to the head of the Adriatic Sea ( modern Gulf of Venice ).

It commemorates the 1790 Fête de la Fédération, held on the first anniversary of the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789 ; the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille fortress-prison was seen as a symbol of the uprising of the modern nation, and of the reconciliation of all the French inside the constitutional monarchy which preceded the First Republic, during the French Revolution.

The Bastarnae or Basternae () were an ancient Germanic tribe, who between 200 BC and 300 AD inhabited the region between the eastern Carpathian mountains and the Dnieper river ( corresponding to the modern Republic of Moldova and western part of southern Ukraine ).

The practice of using the Confucian meritocracy to justify political actions continues in countries in the Sinosphere, including post-economic liberalization People's Republic of China, Chiang Kai-Shek's Republic of China, and modern Singapore.

In the modern People's Republic of China, the official ideology is Deng Xiaoping's " market economy socialism ".

The title was also used in other city states and also revived in modern states, notably in the First French Republic.

The first nation in modern history to adopt a democratic constitution was the short-lived Corsican Republic in 1755.

These African importees have had the most dominant racial influence, and their rich and ancient culture has had an influence second only to that of Europe on the political and cultural character of the modern Dominican Republic.

The settlements of La Yaguana, and Bayaja, on the west and north coasts respectively of modern day Haiti were burned, as were the settlements of Monte Cristi and Puerto Plata on the north coast and San Juan de la Maguana in the south western area of the modern day Dominican Republic.

The Spanish founded modern day Quito and Guayaquil as part of the political-administration era which lasted until the war of Independence, the rise of Gran Colombia and Simón Bolívar to the final separation of his vision into what is known today as the Republic of Ecuador.

He was the last Viceroy of India ( 1947 ) and the first Governor-General of the independent Union of India ( 1947 – 48 ), from which the modern Republic of India emerged in 1950.

Hispania was divided: Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior during the late Roman Republic ; during the Roman Empire, Hispania Taraconensis in the northeast, Hispania Baetica in the south ( roughly corresponding to Andalucia ), and Lusitania in the southwest ( corresponding to modern Portugal ).

Social unrest at the end of World War I led to the German Revolution of 1918, with the formation of the Weimar Republic forcing the Hohenzollerns to abdicate, thus bringing an end to the modern German monarchy.

Halych-Volhynia would eventually be absorbed into the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth, while the Mongol-dominated Vladimir-Suzdal and independent Novgorod Republic, two regions on the periphery of Kiev, would establish the basis for the modern Russian nation.

Currently, there are 29 county level and a further 5 city level entities-the modern equivalent of counties corporate-that are used to demarcate areas of local government in the Republic.

However, in official usage in the Republic of Ireland, the term often refers to the 29 modern counties.

With the foundation of the modern, secular Republic of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk removed religion from the sphere of public policy and restricted it exclusively to that of personal morals, behavior and faith.

Adenauer ensured a truly free and democratic society, which had been almost unknown to the German people before — notwithstanding the attempt between 1919 and 1933 ( the Weimar Republic ) — and which is today not just normal but also deeply integrated into modern German society.

The modern Republic of Kazakhstan was separated into a new political entity during the Soviet subdivision of the Russian Turkestan in the 1930s.