The Roman Curia consists of a complex of offices that administer church affairs at the highest level, including the Secretariat of State, nine Congregations, three Tribunals, eleven Pontifical Councils, and seven Pontifical Commissions.

* The Roman Curia has the nine Prefects of all the Congregations as well as the two of the Papal Household and of the Economic Affairs of the Holy See.

The Secretary of State, the prefects of the Congregations of the Roman Curia, the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, the Vicar General of Rome, and the Patriarchs of Venice and Lisbon, are usually Cardinals, with few, generally temporary, exceptions.

He also held membership in the Congregations for the Sacraments, for Sacred Rites, for the Oriental Church, and for the Propagation of Faith in the Roman Curia, and was once director of the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America.

Bishops have, in virtue of their God-given powers, full authority within their dioceses in all matters of dispensation, patronage and the like ; papal bulls, briefs, etc., and the decrees of the Roman Congregations are only of binding force in each diocese when sanctioned by the bishop ; nunciatures, as hitherto conceived, are to cease ; the oath of allegiance to the pope demanded of bishops since Gregory VII's time is to be altered so as to bring it into conformity with episcopal rights ; annates and the fees payable for the pallium and confirmation are to be lowered and, in the event of the palhum or confirmation being refused, German archbishops and bishops are to be free to exercise their office under the protection of the emperor ; with the Church tribunals of first and second instance ( episcopal and metropolitan ) the nuncios at Cologne are not to interfere, and, though appeal to Rome is allowed under certain national safe-guards, the opinion is expressed that it would be better to set up in each archdiocese a final court of appeal representing the provincial synod ; finally the emperor is prayed to use his influence with the pope to secure the assembly of a national council in order to remove the grievances left unredressed by the council of Trent.

He served as Cardinal Vicar to Pope Leo XII and his two successors, and took an active interest in the organization of the Roman seminary, the reform of criminal tribunals, the delimitation of Roman parishes, and the affairs of the many Sacred Congregations of which he was a member.

The Congregation for Catholic Education ( in Seminaries and Institutes of Study ) ( Congregatio de Institutione Catholica ( de Seminariis atque Studiorum Institutis )) is the Pontifical congregation of the Roman Curia responsible for: ( 1 ) seminaries ( except those regulated by the Congregations for the Evangelization of Peoples and for the Oriental Churches ) and houses of formation of religious and secular institutes ; ( 2 ) universities, faculties, institutes and higher schools of study, either ecclesial or civil dependent on ecclesial persons ; and ( 3 ) schools and educational institutes depending on ecclesiastical authorities.

This congregation's competence is does not include the exclusive competence of the Congregations for the Doctrine of the Faith and for the Causes of Saints, of the Apostolic Penitentiary, the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura and the Tribunal of the Roman Rota, as well as the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments for what pertains to dispensations for a marriage ratum sed non consummatum ('" ratified but not consummated " in Latin ).

Of these the most important are, without doubt, the Roman Congregations ( Sacræ Cardinalium Congregationes ), as is evident from the mere consideration of the dignity of their membership, comprising cardinals who are officially the chief collaborators of the sovereign pontiff in the administration of the affairs of the Universal Church, though Cardinals have not always participated in the administration of ecclesiastical affairs in the same way.

The Roman Congregations originated in the necessity, felt from the beginning, of studying the questions submitted for pontifical decision, in order to sift the legal questions arising and to establish matters of fact duly.

Hence also a natural division into executive cases, assigned to the offices ( officia ), judicial cases, reserved to the tribunals, and administrative cases, committed to the Roman Congregations.

The most recent reorganization of the Roman Congregations came with Pope John Paul II's Constitution Pastor Bonus, issued June 28, 1988.

* 4 ) The Secretaries of the Congregations of the Roman Curia

The collegial bodies with which the Congregation studies questions which arise ( especially the ordinary Wednesday meeting of Cardinals and the annual or biennial Plenary Session ) ensure the involvement of the Prefects of the different Roman Congregations and representatives from the world's Bishops in the process of decision-making.

Included are the following: Baptist Student Movement, Canterbury Club ( Episcopal ), Christian Science Organization, Friends' Meeting for Worship, Hillel ( Jewish ), Liberal Religious Fellowship, Lutheran Student Association, Newman Club ( Roman Catholic ), Presbyterian Student Fellowship, United Student Fellowship ( Congregational-Baptist ), and Wesley Fellowship ( Methodist ).

Believing that God is the Author of this law and of all laws of nature, Roman Catholics believe that they are obliged to obey those laws, not frustrate or mock them.

As you approach the church on the Via D. Baullari you are passing within yards of the remains of the Roman Theatre of Pompey, near which is believed to have been the place where Julius Caesar was assassinated.

Standing before the tomb of Raphael, the great genius of the Renaissance, when shafts of sunlight are penetrating this great Roman temple, you are once again reminded of the varied civilizations so characteristic of Rome.

but my primary aim is to transcribe what Englishmen themselves are saying and writing and implying about the Roman and Anglican Churches and about the present religious state of England.

Most of these former churches are now used as warehouses, but `` neither Anglicans nor Nonconformists object to selling churches to Roman Catholics '', and have done so.

There are several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Algeria including Al Qal ' a of Beni Hammad, the first capital of the Hammadid empire ; Tipasa, a Phoenician and later Roman town ; and Djémila and Timgad, both Roman ruins ; M ' Zab Valley, a limestone valley containing a large urbanized oasis ; also the Casbah of Algiers is an important citadel.

* 1896 – In Athens, the opening of the first modern Olympic Games is celebrated, 1, 500 years after the original games are banned by Roman Emperor Theodosius I.

Arms of a Roman Catholic abbot are distinguished by a gold crozier with a veil attached and a black galero with twelve tassels ( the galero of a territorial abbot would be green )

The Nicene Creed and the shorter Apostles ' Creed are articles, or professions of Faith said by members of the Roman Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion.

Arianism is defined as those teachings attributed to Arius which are in opposition to mainstream Trinitarian Christological doctrine, as determined by the first two Ecumenical Councils and currently maintained by the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, and most Reformation Protestant Churches.

* Note that most ancient Roman sources are quite critical of Agrippina the Younger, because she was seen as stepping outside the conservative Roman ideals regarding the roles of women in society.

Since November 15, 1954, his relics are in a Roman sarcophagus in the crypt of the Dominican St. Andreas church in Cologne.

Hippolytus of Rome ( d. 235 ) is commonly considered to be the earliest antipope, as he headed a separate group within the Church in Rome against Pope Callixtus I. Hippolytus was reconciled to Callixtus's second successor, Pope Pontian, and both he and Pontian are honoured as saints by the Roman Catholic Church with a shared feast day on 13 August.

In Roman historiography, there are various accounts of Amazon raids in Asia Minor.

Ghubar numerals themselves are probably of Roman origin.

Sometimes, Roman numerals are still used for enumeration of lists ( as an alternative to alphabetical enumeration ), for sequential volumes, to differentiate monarchs or family members with the same first names, and ( in lower case ) to number pages in prefatory material in books.

Other monuments that have left almost nothing visible to the present day are the Chalkotheke, the Pandroseion, Pandion's sanctuary, Athena's altar, Zeus Polieus's sanctuary and, from Roman times, the circular temple of Augustus and Rome.

Supporters of this view believe that “ to a hypothetical outside reader, presents Christianity as enlightened, harmless, even beneficent .” Some believe that through this work, Luke intended to show the Roman Empire that the root of Christianity is within Judaism so that the Christians “ may receive the same freedom to practice their faith that the Roman Empire afforded the Jews .” Those who support the view of Luke ’ s work as political apology generally draw evidence from the facts that Christians are found innocent of committing any political crime ( Acts 25: 25 ; 19: 37 ; 19: 40 ) and that Roman officials ’ views towards Christians are generally positive.

The type is represented by neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century, modelled upon a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th century BCE, in a style similar to works of Polykleitos but more archaic.

After Rome became an Empire under Augustus, the nominal independence of Athens dissolved and its government converged to the normal type for a Roman municipality, with a Senate ( gerousia ) of decuriones.

To date, Bonn's Roman fort remains the largest fort of its type known from the ancient world, i. e. a fort built for one full-size Imperial Legion and its auxiliaries.

It is possible that the Roman term basterna, denoting a type of wagon or litter, is derived from the name of this tribe, which was known, like many Germanic tribes, to travel with a wagon-train for their families.

During ancient Roman times the balteus ( plural baltei ) was a type of baldric commonly used to suspend a sword.

The Byzantine Empire used Roman and Greek architectural models and styles to create its own unique type of architecture.

There is literary evidence that the weight of 72 coins of the type called solidus was exactly 1 Roman pound, and that the weight of 1 solidus was 24 siliquae.

Divine representations of the Cernunnos type are exceptions to the often-expressed view that the Celts only began to picture their gods in human form after the Roman conquest of Gaul.

With the advent of Roman type it was reduced to the round dot we have today.

Early Roman Emperors avoided any type of ceremony or regalia different from what was already usual for republican offices in the Roman Republic: the most intrusive change had been changing the color of their robe to purple.

The double-story version became popular when printing switched to " Roman type " because the tail was effectively shorter, making it possible to put more lines on a page.

Roman copy of a Greek 5th century Hera of the " Barberini Hera " type, from the Museo Chiaramonti

In exceptional situations, such as war, occupation, revolution or a coup d ' état, constitutional institutions, including the symbolically crucial head of state, may be reduced to a figurehead or be suspended in favor of an emergency office ( such as the original Roman Dictator ) or eliminated by a new " provisionary " regime, such as a collective of the junta type, or removed by an occupying force, such as a military governor ( an early example being the Spartan Harmost ).

During the 19th century the gospel-song genre spread rapidly in Protestantism and, to a lesser but still definite extent, in Roman Catholicism ; the gospel-song genre is unknown in the worship per se by Eastern Orthodox churches, which rely exclusively on traditional chants ( a type of hymn ).

A familiar example of an icon of this type within Roman Catholicism is the icon of Our Lady of Guadalupe in the West.

In his first coinage type, minted from the start of his reign, he imitated his father Charlemagne's portrait coinage, giving an image of imperial power and prestige in an echo of Roman glory.

Parchment, or vellum as the best type of parchment is known had also replaced papyrus, which was not nearly so long lived and has survived to the present only in the extremely dry conditions of Egypt, although it was widely used across the Roman world.

The ancient Egyptian numeral system was of this type, and the Roman numeral system was a modification of this idea.

This type of language is used, according to E. Segal, for “ the forceful inversion, the reduction of the master to an abject position of supplication … the master-as-suppliant is thus an extremely important feature of the Plautine comic finale .” The imperative mood is therefore used in the complete role-reversal of the normal relationship between slave and master, and “ those who enjoy authority and respect in the ordinary Roman world are unseated, ridiculed, while the lowliest members of society mount to their pedestals … the humble are in face exalted ”.

Simplistically speaking, the only ' national hands ' to continue were the Visigothic ( or Mozarabic ), which survived into the 12th or 13th century ; the Beneventan, which was still being used in the middle of the 16th century ; and Insular script, which was used to write texts in the Irish at least through the 20th century and formed the basis for Gaelic type, just as caroline minuscule formed the basis for Roman type.

* Roman type, an upright typeface style, contrasted to italic