The new linguistic turn, through the rise of semiotics as well as of structural linguistics, brought to the fore a new interest in figures of speech as signs, the metaphor in particular ( in the works of Roman Jakobson, Michel Charles, Gérard Genette ) while famed Structuralist Roland Barthes, a classicist by training, perceived how some basic elements of rhetoric could be of use in the study of narratives, fashion and ideology.

Structuralist theorists, such as Ferdinand de Saussure and Jacques Lacan, argue that all human actions and social formations are related to language and can be understood as systems of related elements.

Structuralist Marxism disputes the instrumentalist view that the state can be viewed as the direct servant of the capitalist or ruling class.

Matias Vernengo, a University of Utah economist, identifies two main streams in dependency theory: the Latin American Structuralist, typified by the work of Prebisch, Celso Furtado and Anibal Pinto at the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America ( ECLAC, or, in Spanish, CEPAL ); and the American Marxist, developed by Paul A. Baran, Paul Sweezy, and Andre Gunder Frank.

Structuralist or institutional analysis shows that the term is misused when it is applied to institutions acting in pursuit of their acknowledged goals, for example, when a group of corporations engage in price-fixing to increase profits.

Structuralist philosopher Julia Kristeva, seen as a theorist who was instrumental in providing the philosophical basis for American political correctness, denounced political correctness in 2001 in New York Times and said her works have been distorted by Americans.

Philosophers commonly referred to as Post-structuralists include Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Jean Baudrillard, Gilles Deleuze ( all of whom began their careers within a Structuralist framework ), Jacques Derrida, Pierre Bourdieu, Jean-François Lyotard, Julia Kristeva, Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray and, sometimes, the American cultural theorists, critics and intellectuals they influenced ( e. g. Judith Butler, Jonathan Crary, John Fiske, Rosalind Krauss, Hayden White ).

Another common thread among thinkers associated with the Post-Structuralist movement is the criticism of the absolutist, quasi-scientific claims of Structuralist theorists as more reflective of the mechanistic bias inspired by bureaucratization and industrialization than of the inner-workings of actual primitive cultures, languages or psyches.

Structuralist film theory is a branch of film theory that is rooted in Structuralism, itself based on structural linguistics.

Structuralist film theory emphasizes how films convey meaning through the use of codes and conventions not dissimilar to the way languages are used to construct meaning in communication.

Structuralist readings focus on how the structures of the single text resolve inherent narrative tensions.

Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of Literature.

* Patrick Brady, Structuralist perspectives in criticism of fiction: essays on Manon Lescaut and La Vie de Marianne, P. Lang, Berne ; Las Vegas, 1978.

** Structuralist Poetics.

The effect of Derrida's paper was such that by the time the conference proceedings were published in 1970, the title of the collection had become The Structuralist Controversy.

* Culler, Jonathan ( 1975 ) Structuralist Poetics.

" On Realism in Art " in Readings in Russian Poetics: Formalist and Structuralist.

Structuralist philosopher Roland Barthes, in an essay about the car, said that it looked as if it had " fallen from the sky ".< ref name =" id-ds. com ">

Interactionists prefer several methods to contrast with Structuralist methods, namely ; unstructured interviews, covert participant observation, overt participant observation, and analysing historical, public and personal documents by content analysis.

In the 1960s, members of the Latin American Structuralist school argued that there is more latitude in the system than the Marxists believed.

Sneed, An Architectonic for Science: the Structuralist Approach.

Culler's Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of Literature won the James Russell Lowell Prize from the Modern Language Association of America in 1976 for an outstanding book of criticism.

Lieutenant Richardson could envy the officers and men of the John Harvey in their innocent assumption that the ship contained nothing more dangerous than high explosive bombs.

There seems to be an unfortunate assumption that an hour of Chicago-style jazz in prime evening time, for example, could not be justified without the trimmings of a portentous documentary.

He also speaks of Franklin D. Roosevelt's `` puerile '' assumption that `` if only he ( Stalin ) could be exposed to the persuasive charm of someone like F.D.R. himself, ideological preconceptions would melt and Russia's co-operation with the West could be easily arranged ''.

In this definition, it is implicitly assumed that storing a value into a variable U has no effect on the state of a distinct variable V. To make this assumption explicit, one could add the constraint that

Kiernan's reasoning has in part to do with the much-discussed political context of the poem: it has been held by most scholars, until recently, that the poem was composed in the 8th century on the assumption that a poem eliciting sympathy for the Danes could not have been composed by Anglo-Saxons during the Viking Ages of the 9th and 10th centuries, and that the poem celebrates the namesakes of 8th Century Mercian Kings.

Evaluating Collins ' approach, he considers " the wide geographical spread from which the material comes and the implicit assumption that linguistic developments would have occurred uniformly throughout this area " a weakness and concludes, " The character of the Hebrew and Aramaic could support a date in the fifth or fourth century for the extant written form of the book, but does not demand a second-century date.

Robert A. Heinlein originally coined the term grok in his 1961 novel Stranger in a Strange Land as a Martian word that could not be defined in Earthling terms, but can be associated with various literal meanings such as " water ", " to drink ", " life ", or " to live ", and had a much more profound figurative meaning that is hard for terrestrial culture to understand because of its assumption of a singular reality.

The film Easy Rider ( 1969 ) includes the assumption that the two main characters could have their long hairs forcibly shaved with a rusty razor when jailed, symbolizing the intolerance of some conservative groups toward members of the counterculture.

Malevich's assumption that a shifting in the attitudes of the Soviet authorities towards the modernist art movement would take place after the death of Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky's fall from power, was proven correct in a couple of years, when the Stalinist regime turned against forms of abstraction, considering them a type of " bourgeois " art, that could not express social realities.

Under the monopsonistic assumption, an appropriately set minimum wage could increase both wages and employment, with the optimal level being equal to the marginal productivity of labor.

Unfortunately, as soon as cyclotron resonance became available and the shape of the balloon could be determined, it was found that the assumption that the balloon was spherical did not hold at all, except perhaps in the case of caesium.

In the 1890s, Planck was able to derive the blackbody spectrum which was later used to avoid the classical ultraviolet catastrophe by making the unorthodox assumption that, in the interaction of radiation with matter, energy could only be exchanged in discrete units which he called quanta.

However, this was probably based on the assumption that the animals could not take off from the water surface.

As for the composition date of Mozart's Variations, for a time the variations were thought to have been composed in 1778, while Mozart stayed in Paris from April to September in that year, the assumption being that the melody of a French song could only have been picked up by Mozart while residing in France.

Given these assumptions, the constraint that time travel must not lead to inconsistent outcomes could be seen merely as a tautology, a self-evident truth that cannot possibly be false, because if you make the assumption that it is false this would lead to a logical paradox.

This policy of parliamentary procedure was based on the assumption of the political equality of every " gentleman ", with the corollary that unanimous consent was needed for all measures The Commonwealth could never be liquidated unless its longtime ally, Austria, allowed it, and first Catherine had to use diplomacy to win Austria to her side.

The assumption that labour or workforces could be easily modelled in aggregate began to be challenged in 1950s when the tertiary sector, which demanded creativity, begun to produce more than the secondary sector was producing at the time in the most developed countries in the world.

* A closed world assumption could be implemented by conditionally testing whether an attempt to prove a goal exhaustively failed.

A slave's testimony was admissible only if extracted by torture, on the assumption that slaves could not be trusted to reveal the truth voluntarily.

As Bohm and Hiley worded it, " the Schrodinger equation for the quantum field does not have sources, nor does it have any other way by which the field could be directly affected by the condition of the particles [...] the quantum theory can be understood completely in terms of the assumption that the quantum field has no sources or other forms of dependence on the particles ".

All of the above arguments are based on the assumption that God is omnipotent and, consequently, could have interfered to stop the Holocaust.

Ancient sources record dates in the mid-sixth centuryEusebius dates Theognis in the 58th Olympiad ( 548 – 45 BC ), Suda the 59th Olympiad ( 544 – 41 BC ) and Chronicon Paschale the 57th Olympiad ( 552 – 49 BC ) yet it is not clear for example whether Suda in this case means a date of birth or some other significant event in the poet's life and, moreover, all three sources could have derived their dates from lines 773 – 82 under the assumption that these refer to Harpagus's attack on Ionia in the reign of Cyrus The Great.

Several schools of the philosophy of mathematics ran into difficulties one after the other in the 20th century, as the assumption that mathematics had any foundation that could be consistently stated within mathematics itself was heavily challenged by the discovery of various paradoxes ( such as Russell's paradox ).

Their assumption was that critical mass considerations would limit the potential size of fission explosions, but that a fusion explosion could be as large as its supply of fuel, which has no critical mass limit.