Structuralist philosopher Roland Barthes, in an essay about the car, said that it looked as if it had " fallen from the sky ".< ref name =" id-ds. com ">

Philosophers commonly referred to as Post-structuralists include Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Jean Baudrillard, Gilles Deleuze ( all of whom began their careers within a Structuralist framework ), Jacques Derrida, Pierre Bourdieu, Jean-François Lyotard, Julia Kristeva, Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray and, sometimes, the American cultural theorists, critics and intellectuals they influenced ( e. g. Judith Butler, Jonathan Crary, John Fiske, Rosalind Krauss, Hayden White ).

In linguistics, the tendency is to use haček ( with no long mark ), largely due to the influence of the Prague School ( particularly on Structuralist linguists who subsequently developed alphabets for previously unwritten languages of the Americas ).

The effect of Derrida's paper was such that by the time the conference proceedings were published in 1970, the title of the collection had become The Structuralist Controversy.

Structuralist Poetics was one of the first introductions to the French structuralist movement available in English.

Structuralist or institutional analysis shows that the term is misused when it is applied to institutions acting in pursuit of their acknowledged goals, for example, when a group of corporations engage in price-fixing to increase profits.

Matias Vernengo, a University of Utah economist, identifies two main streams in dependency theory: the Latin American Structuralist, typified by the work of Prebisch, Celso Furtado and Anibal Pinto at the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America ( ECLAC, or, in Spanish, CEPAL ); and the American Marxist, developed by Paul A. Baran, Paul Sweezy, and Andre Gunder Frank.

Sneed, An Architectonic for Science: the Structuralist Approach.

Culler's Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of Literature won the James Russell Lowell Prize from the Modern Language Association of America in 1976 for an outstanding book of criticism.

Louis Althusser, the French Structuralist Marxist, criticises Marxist Humanists for not recognising the dichotomy between ' Young Marx ' and ' Mature Marx '.

According to Vernengo, the Latin American Structuralist and the American Marxist schools had significant differences but agreed on some basic points:

In the 1960s, members of the Latin American Structuralist school argued that there is more latitude in the system than the Marxists believed.

The new linguistic turn, through the rise of semiotics as well as of structural linguistics, brought to the fore a new interest in figures of speech as signs, the metaphor in particular ( in the works of Roman Jakobson, Michel Charles, Gérard Genette ) while famed Structuralist Roland Barthes, a classicist by training, perceived how some basic elements of rhetoric could be of use in the study of narratives, fashion and ideology.

Another common thread among thinkers associated with the Post-Structuralist movement is the criticism of the absolutist, quasi-scientific claims of Structuralist theorists as more reflective of the mechanistic bias inspired by bureaucratization and industrialization than of the inner-workings of actual primitive cultures, languages or psyches.

Interactionists prefer several methods to contrast with Structuralist methods, namely ; unstructured interviews, covert participant observation, overt participant observation, and analysing historical, public and personal documents by content analysis.

Structuralist film theory is a branch of film theory that is rooted in Structuralism, itself based on structural linguistics.

Structuralist film theory emphasizes how films convey meaning through the use of codes and conventions not dissimilar to the way languages are used to construct meaning in communication.

Structuralist readings focus on how the structures of the single text resolve inherent narrative tensions.

Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of Literature.

* Patrick Brady, Structuralist perspectives in criticism of fiction: essays on Manon Lescaut and La Vie de Marianne, P. Lang, Berne ; Las Vegas, 1978.

Structuralist theorists, such as Ferdinand de Saussure and Jacques Lacan, argue that all human actions and social formations are related to language and can be understood as systems of related elements.

** Structuralist Poetics.

* Culler, Jonathan ( 1975 ) Structuralist Poetics.

" On Realism in Art " in Readings in Russian Poetics: Formalist and Structuralist.

The Structuralist assumption that fabula and sujet could be investigated separately, gave birth to two quite different traditions: thematic ( Propp, Bremond, Greimas, Dundes, et al.

Due to his devotion to her, Messalina was able to manipulate Claudius into ordering the exile or execution of various people: the Roman philosopher Seneca the Younger ; Claudius ’ nieces Julia Livilla and Julia ; Marcus Vinicius ( husband of Julia Livilla ); consul Gaius Asinius Pollio II ( see Vipsania Agrippina ); the elder Poppaea Sabina ( mother of Empress Poppaea Sabina, second wife of Nero ); consul Decimus Valerius Asiaticus ; and Polybius.

The region produced figures such as Christian Church writer Tertullian ( c. 155 – c. 202 ); and Christian Church martyrs or leading figures such as Perpetua and Felicity ( martyrs, c. 200 CE ); St Cyprian of Carthage (+ 258 ); St. Monica ; her son the philosopher St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo I (+ 430 ) ( 1 ); and St Julia of Carthage ( 5th century.

The Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek, a known Lacanian theorist, has adopted the term in his philosophy ; it may also be seen in the works, both joint and individual, of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, and it plays an important role in the writing of Julia Kristeva and Roland Barthes.

French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, and Bulgarian-French philosopher Julia Kristeva have been accused of misusing mathematics in their work ; see Fashionable Nonsense ( 1998 ) by Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont.

His mother was Julia Bonald, a descendant of Viscount Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald, a traditional French philosopher who settled in Andalucia in the middle of the 19th century.

The first law was seen by both Hegel and Vladimir Lenin as the central feature of a dialectical understanding of things and originates with the ancient Ionian philosopher Heraclitus.

Rousseau, who was jealously sparing of his praises, addressed to him, in his Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse, a fine panegyric ; and when a stranger flatteringly told Voltaire he had come to see a great man, the philosopher asked him if he had seen Abauzit.

This view which can be seen as a view of language going back to Kant and Descartes often understands language to be largely innate, for example as in Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar or American philosopher Jerry Fodor ’ s extreme innatist theory.

These types of examples can be seen in the work of the ancient philosopher Cicero, especially in his De natura deorum, ii.

He then explains how the philosopher is like a prisoner who is freed from the cave and comes to understand that the shadows on the wall do not make up reality at all, as he can perceive the true form of reality rather than the mere shadows seen by the prisoners.

In 1414 – 1418 the Council of Constance took place, during which, on 6 July 1415, John Hus ( Czech religious thinker, philosopher and reformer ), who was seen as a threat to Christianity by the Roman Catholic Church, was burned at the stake.

For the philosopher Emmanuel Lévinas, epiphany or a manifestation of the divine is seen in another's face ( see face-to-face ).

In Greco-Roman antiquity the beard was " seen as the defining characteristic of the philosopher ; philosophers had to have beards, and anyone with a beard was assumed to be a philosopher.

The importance of the beard to Roman philosophers is best seen by the extreme value that the Stoic philosopher Epictetus placed on it.

In the 6th century BC the Greek philosopher Thales is recorded as using similar triangles to estimate the height of the pyramids by measuring the length of their shadows and that of his own at the same moment, and comparing the ratios to his height ( intercept theorem ); and to have estimated the distances to ships at sea as seen from a clifftop, by measuring the horizontal distance traversed by the line-of-sight for a known fall, and scaling up to the height of the whole cliff.

This was seen as an " incredible " paradox by many at the time ( including Torricelli himself, who tried several alternative proofs ), and prompted a fierce controversy about the nature of infinity, involving the philosopher Hobbes.

Nikolay Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky () ( July 12, 1828 – October 17, 1889 ) was a Russian revolutionary democrat, materialist philosopher, critic, and socialist ( seen by some as a utopian socialist ).

The Song Dynasty philosopher Zhou Dunyi is seen as the first true " pioneer " of Neo-Confucianism, using Daoist metaphysics as a framework for his ethical philosophy.

They outline a critique of the ideas of Marx's fellow Young Hegelian philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach, but the text is often seen as more ambitious than this, criticizing both the contemplative materialism of the Young Hegelians and all forms of philosophical idealism.

Even though Lewis set out his ideas at length, can be seen as both a late pragmatist and an early analytic philosopher, and had students of the calibre of Brand Blanshard, Nelson Goodman, and Roderick Chisholm, his reputation declined after WWII, and the secondary literature on Lewis during the second half of the 20th century is less than imposing.

Diogenes took Cynicism to its logical extremes, and came to be seen as the archetypal Cynic philosopher.

Ironically, according to historian David Brion Davis, Abrabanel played a pivotal role in providing the conceptual basis for black slavery: "[...] the great Jewish philosopher and statesman Isaac ben Abravanel, having seen many black slaves both in his native Portugal and in Spain, merged Aristotle's theory of natural slaves with the belief that the biblical Noah had cursed and condemned to slavery both his son Ham and his young grandson Canaan.

The Concept of Mind is a 1949 book by philosopher Gilbert Ryle that has been seen as a founding document in the philosophy of mind, which received professional recognition as a distinct and important branch of philosophy only after 1950.

He is one of the greatest musician, composer, poet, social reformer, philosopher and saints that India has ever seen.

In his essay " From Liberty to Welfare ", philosopher James P. Sterba argues that a morally consistent application of libertarian premises, including that of negative liberty, requires that a libertarian must endorse “ the equality in the distribution of goods and resources required by a socialist state .” Sterba presents the example of a typical conflict situation between the rich and poor “ in order to see why libertarians are mistaken about what their ideal requires .” He argues that such a situation is correctly seen as a conflict of negative liberties: the right of the rich not to be interfered with in the satisfaction of their luxury needs is morally trumped by the right of the poor “ not to be interfered with in taking from the surplus possessions of the rich what is necessary to satisfy their basic needs .”

Biological anthropologists such as Jonathan Marks and philosopher Jonathan Kaplan have argued that while Edwards argument is correct it does not invalidate Lewontin's original argument, because the fact that racial groups can be seen to be genetically distinct on average does not mean that racial groups are the most basic biological divisions of the world's population.

There is in Korea a revival of Jeong Yak-yong's thought never seen before on that scale for any Korean philosopher.